Effect of Human Milk Appetite Hormones, Macronutrients, and Infant Characteristics on Gastric Emptying and Breastfeeding Patterns of Term Fully Breastfed Infants

• Published in: Nutrients Vol. 9; no. 1; p. 15
• Main Authors: Gridneva, Zoya, Kugananthan, Sambavi, Hepworth, Anna R, Tie, Wan J, Lai, Ching T, Ward, Leigh C, Hartmann, Peter E, Geddes, Donna T
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 28.12.2016; MDPI
• Subjects: Adiponectin; Adiponectin - analysis; Adipose tissue; Adiposity; anthropometrics; Appetite; appetite hormones; Babies; Baby foods; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Breast Feeding; Breast milk; Breastfeeding & lactation; Carbohydrates; Casein; Caseins - analysis; Concentration (composition); Cross-Sectional Studies; Demographics; Demography; Dietary Carbohydrates - analysis; Electric Impedance; Emptying; Energy Intake; feed volume; Feeding; feeding frequency; Female; Gastric Emptying; Hormones; human milk; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infants; Lactose; Lactose - analysis; Leptin; Leptin - analysis; Linear Models; Longitudinal Studies; Lysozyme; macronutrients; Male; Milk; Milk, Human - chemistry; Muramidase - analysis; Regression analysis; Stomach; stomach volumes; term breastfed infants; Test procedures; Ultrasound; Whey; Whey protein; Whey Proteins - analysis; body composition; anthropometrics; term breastfed infants; feeding frequency; stomach volumes; appetite hormones; human milk; macronutrients; feed volume; gastric emptying; ultrasound
• ISSN: 2072-6643; 2072-6643
• DOI: 10.3390/nu9010015

Human milk (HM) components influence infant feeding patterns and nutrient intake, yet it is unclear how they influence gastric emptying (GE), a key component of appetite regulation. This study analyzed GE of a single breastfeed, HM appetite hormones/macronutrients and demographics/anthropometrics/body composition of term fully breastfed infants ( = 41, 2 and/or 5 mo). Stomach volumes (SV) were calculated from pre-/post-feed ultrasound scans, then repeatedly until the next feed. Feed volume (FV) was measured by the test-weigh method. HM samples were analyzed for adiponectin, leptin, fat, lactose, total carbohydrate, lysozyme, and total/whey/casein protein. Linear regression/mixed effect models were used to determine associations between GE/feed variables and HM components/infant anthropometrics/adiposity. Higher FVs were associated with faster (-0.07 [-0.10, -0.03], < 0.001) GE rate, higher post-feed SVs (0.82 [0.53, 1.12], < 0.001), and longer GE times (0.24 [0.03, 0.46], = 0.033). Higher whey protein concentration was associated with higher post-feed SVs (4.99 [0.84, 9.13], = 0.023). Longer GE time was associated with higher adiponectin concentration (2.29 [0.92, 3.66], = 0.002) and dose (0.02 [0.01, 0.03], = 0.005), and lower casein:whey ratio (-65.89 [-107.13, -2.66], = 0.003). FV and HM composition influence GE and breastfeeding patterns in term breastfed infants.