Exposure risk to carcinogenic PAHs in indoor-air during biomass combustion whilst cooking in rural India

• Published in: Atmospheric environment (1994) Vol. 38; no. 28; pp. 4761 - 4767
• Main Authors: Bhargava, Anuj, Khanna, R.N., Bhargava, S.K., Kumar, Sushil
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.09.2004; Elsevier Science
• Subjects: Air. Soil. Water. Waste. Feeding; Applied sciences; Atmospheric pollution; Benz( a)anthracene; Benzo( a)pyrene; Benzo( b)fluoranthene; Benzo( k)fluoranthene; Biological and medical sciences; Chrysene; Di-benz( a,h)anthracene; Environment. Living conditions; Exact sciences and technology; Exposure risk; Indeno(1,2,3- cd)pyrene; Indoor pollution and occupational exposure; Indoor-air; Medical sciences; Pollution; Public health. Hygiene; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine; Asia; India; Benzo( k)fluoranthene; Di-benz( a,h)anthracene; LPG, liquid petroleum gas; RSPM, respirable suspended particulate matter; Benz( a)anthracene; Chrysene; ARI, acute respiratory infections; CDC, cow-dung cake; COPD, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease; Benzo( a)pyrene; Exposure risk; Indeno(1,2,3- cd)pyrene; Indoor-air; Benzo( b)fluoranthene; PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; LPG; Cooking; Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene; Combustion; Benzo(a)pyrene; Biomass; Benzo(b)fluoranthene; Seasonal variation; Rural area; Di-benz(a,h)anthracene; Public health; Organic compounds; Anthropogenic factor; Human; Hydrocarbon; Exposure; Polycyclic aromatic compound; Carcinogen; Suspended particle; Human activity; Aerosols; Indoor pollution; Benzo(k)fluoranthene; Benz(a)anthracene; Concentration distribution
• ISSN: 1352-2310; 1873-2844
• DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.012

In India, a vast majority of rural household burns unprocessed biomass, as an energy source, to cook food. The biomass is burnt indoors in conventionally homemade clay-stoves, called ‘Chulha’, which results in the generation of a variety of airborne products along with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an uncontrolled manner. We report here the concentrations and profile of carcinogenic PAHs, co-sampled with respirable suspended particulate matter, in rural indoors during burning of biomass vis-à-vis liquified petroleum gas as the energy source. There is a limited data on the subject in the literature. The seasonal variation has also been studied. Sampling was done in breathing zone and in surrounding areas concurrent with cooking on chulha. PAHs were extracted in methylene chloride and analyzed over HPLC after column clean up on silica gel. Our study revealed that the concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs were fairly high in breathing zone and in surrounding areas while cooking over chulha in rural India. PAHs concentrations increased substantially during biomass combustion. Concentrations were high during CDC combustion and low during LPG combustion or the non-cooking period. This trend was conserved in both the seasons. Concentrations of total PAHs were greater in winter as compared to summer and greatest in the breathing zone. Di-benz( a,h)anthracene, benzo( k)-fluoranthene and chrysene contributed maximum. Benzo( a)pyrene contributed moderately. Maximum concentrations of indoor air benzo( a)pyrene (>1.5 μg/m 3) were found in breathing zone in winter. The daily exposure to high concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs in indoor air environment while cooking food could be impacting for chronic pulmonary illnesses in rural Indian women.