2-Chlorophenol induced ROS generation in fish Carassius auratus based on the EPR method

• Published in: Chemosphere (Oxford) Vol. 65; no. 6; pp. 1064 - 1073
• Main Authors: Luo, Yi, Su, Yan, Lin, Ren-zhang, Shi, Hua-hong, Wang, Xiao-rong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.11.2006; Elsevier
• Subjects: 2-Chlorophenol; [rad]OH; Agnatha. Pisces; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Animals; Applied ecology; Biological and medical sciences; Biomarker; Carassius auratus; Chlorophenols - administration & dosage; Chlorophenols - toxicity; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy - methods; EPR; Freshwater; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General aspects; Glutathione Transferase - metabolism; Goldfish - metabolism; Hydroxyl Radical - metabolism; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Lipid Peroxidation - drug effects; Oxidative stress; Oxidative Stress - drug effects; Oxidative Stress - physiology; Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution; Oxidative stress; OH; Biomarker; EPR; 2-Chlorophenol; Freshwater environment; Aquatic environment; Vertebrata; Carassius auratus; Pisces; Biological marker; Method
• ISSN: 0045-6535; 1879-1298
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.054

In the present study, a secondary spin trapping technique was used followed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis, to study the potential of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after fish ( Carassius auratus) were injected i.p. with different doses (50, 100, 200, 250, 500 mg kg −1) of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP). The ROS signal intensity of the EPR spectrum showed a significant increase ( p < 0.05, compared with the control) when the 2-CP dose was as low as 50 mg kg −1. There is a good relationship between the 2-CP administered doses and ROS generation. Based on the hyperfine splitting constants and shape of the EPR spectrum, the ROS which was generated in fish liver after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 2-CP was identified as OH. SOD and CAT activities were found to be induced at lower doses of 2-CP. GSH levels fell below the control level following all treatments with 2-CP, and GSSG levels changed along with those of GSH. These observations indicated that the fish experienced oxidative stress. The strong positive correlation ( r = 0.966, p < 0.005) between OH radical and lipid peroxidation suggested that lipid peroxidation was possibly induced by OH. The phase II detoxification enzyme glutathione- S-transferase (GST) may play an important role in 2-CP metabolism or excretion and, consequently, reduce ROS production. This study provides strong evidence that level of ROS is significantly increased in 2-CP stressed fish, and ROS may serve as a potential biomarker to indicate 2-CP contamination.