Neurosonological Findings Related to Non-Motor Features of Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review

Non-motor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson’s disease (PD), including neuropsychiatric or dysautonomic complaints, fatigue, or pain, are frequent and have a high impact on the patient’s quality of life. They are often poorly recognized and inadequately treated. In the recent years, the growing awareness o...

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Published inBrain sciences Vol. 11; no. 6; p. 776
Main Authors del Toro Pérez, Cristina, Amaya Pascasio, Laura, Arjona Padillo, Antonio, Olivares Romero, Jesús, Mejías Olmedo, María, Fernández Pérez, Javier, Payán Ortiz, Manuel, Martínez-Sánchez, Patricia
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 11.06.2021
MDPI
Subjects
Anxiety
Apathy
Behavior disorders
Bias
Brain stem
Dementia disorders
depression
Hallucinations
Mental depression
Mental disorders
Movement disorders
Neurodegenerative diseases
non-motor symptoms
Orthostatic hypotension
Parkinson's disease
Patients
Psychosis
Quality of life
Restless legs syndrome
Sleep disorders
Substantia nigra
Systematic Review
transcranial sonography
Ultrasonic imaging
Ultrasound
Vagus nerve
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Summary:Non-motor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson’s disease (PD), including neuropsychiatric or dysautonomic complaints, fatigue, or pain, are frequent and have a high impact on the patient’s quality of life. They are often poorly recognized and inadequately treated. In the recent years, the growing awareness of NMS has favored the development of techniques that complement the clinician’s diagnosis. This review provides an overview of the most important ultrasonographic findings related to the presence of various NMS. Literature research was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception until January 2021, retrieving 23 prospective observational studies evaluating transcranial and cervical ultrasound in depression, dementia, dysautonomic symptoms, psychosis, and restless leg syndrome. Overall, the eligible articles showed good or fair quality according to the QUADAS-2 assessment. Brainstem raphe hypoechogenicity was related to the presence of depression in PD and also in depressed patients without PD, as well as to overactive bladder. Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity was frequent in patients with visual hallucinations, and larger intracranial ventricles correlated with dementia. Evaluation of the vagus nerve showed contradictory findings. The results of this systematic review demonstrated that transcranial ultrasound can be a useful complementary tool in the evaluation of NMS in PD.
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The two authors have contributed equally to the manuscript.
ISSN:2076-3425
2076-3425
DOI:10.3390/brainsci11060776