Zidovudine Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial Toxicity in Vitro
Zidovudine (ZDV) is a thymidine analogue activated to its triphosphate (ZDVTP) by the host's intracellular enzymes. The initial phosphorylation step is conversion to ZDV monophosphate (ZDVMP). The poor affinity of ZDVMP for thymidylate kinase results in intracellular accumulation of ZDVMP. Clin...
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Published in | Toxicology and applied pharmacology Vol. 177; no. 1; pp. 54 - 58 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Elsevier Inc
15.11.2001
Elsevier |
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Abstract | Zidovudine (ZDV) is a thymidine analogue activated to its triphosphate (ZDVTP) by the host's intracellular enzymes. The initial phosphorylation step is conversion to ZDV monophosphate (ZDVMP). The poor affinity of ZDVMP for thymidylate kinase results in intracellular accumulation of ZDVMP. Clinical use of ZDV is associated with cytotoxicity, thought to be mediated through mitochondrial damage. It has been suggested that ZDV cytotoxicity correlates with intracellular ZDVMP. Here we have further studied the role of ZDVMP in cytotoxicity and some of the mechanisms involved. Intracellular metabolism of ZDV in five lymphocyte/monocyte cell lines, U937, BSM, MOLT 4, JJAHN, and RAJI (4 × 106 cells), was investigated following 24 h incubation with [3H]ZDV (1.2 μCi; 0.1 μM) and cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT assay. Cytotoxicity was closely related to intracellular concentrations of the major metabolite (ZDVMP) but not with the active metabolite ZDVTP. ZDVMP was the only metabolite detected following incubation of viable mitochondria isolated from U937 cells with ZDV (1.2 μCi; 0.1 μM; 24 h) with mitochondrial levels of 0.27 ± 0.11 pmol/μg protein (mean ± SD; n = 3). No MTT toxicity was seen in isolated mitochondria. Following phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells there was an increase in ZDV cytotoxicity compared to unstimulated cells. The results suggest that the mitochondrial isozyme of thymidine kinase (TK2) plays only a minor part in ZDVMP formation. Following PHA stimulation, activation of the cytosolic thymidine kinase isozyme (TK1) is associated with increased toxicity of ZDV. We conclude that ZDVMP responsible for mitochondrial toxicity is formed in the cytosol. |
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AbstractList | Zidovudine (ZDV) is a thymidine analogue activated to its triphosphate (ZDVTP) by the host's intracellular enzymes. The initial phosphorylation step is conversion to ZDV monophosphate (ZDVMP). The poor affinity of ZDVMP for thymidylate kinase results in intracellular accumulation of ZDVMP. Clinical use of ZDV is associated with cytotoxicity, thought to be mediated through mitochondrial damage. It has been suggested that ZDV cytotoxicity correlates with intracellular ZDVMP. Here we have further studied the role of ZDVMP in cytotoxicity and some of the mechanisms involved. Intracellular metabolism of ZDV in five lymphocyte/monocyte cell lines, U937, BSM, MOLT 4, JJAHN, and RAJI (4 x 10(6) cells), was investigated following 24 h incubation with [(3)H]ZDV (1.2 microCi; 0.1 microM) and cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT assay. Cytotoxicity was closely related to intracellular concentrations of the major metabolite (ZDVMP) but not with the active metabolite ZDVTP. ZDVMP was the only metabolite detected following incubation of viable mitochondria isolated from U937 cells with ZDV (1.2 microCi; 0.1 microM; 24 h) with mitochondrial levels of 0.27 +/- 0.11 pmol/microg protein (mean +/- SD; n = 3). No MTT toxicity was seen in isolated mitochondria. Following phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells there was an increase in ZDV cytotoxicity compared to unstimulated cells. The results suggest that the mitochondrial isozyme of thymidine kinase (TK2) plays only a minor part in ZDVMP formation. Following PHA stimulation, activation of the cytosolic thymidine kinase isozyme (TK1) is associated with increased toxicity of ZDV. We conclude that ZDVMP responsible for mitochondrial toxicity is formed in the cytosol. Zidovudine (ZDV) is a thymidine analogue activated to its triphosphate (ZDVTP) by the host's intracellular enzymes. The initial phosphorylation step is conversion to ZDV monophosphate (ZDVMP). The poor affinity of ZDVMP for thymidylate kinase results in intracellular accumulation of ZDVMP. Clinical use of ZDV is associated with cytotoxicity, thought to be mediated through mitochondrial damage. It has been suggested that ZDV cytotoxicity correlates with intracellular ZDVMP. Here we have further studied the role of ZDVMP in cytotoxicity and some of the mechanisms involved. Intracellular metabolism of ZDV in five lymphocyte /monocyte cell lines, U937, BSM, MOLT 4, JJAHN, and RAJI (4 x 10 super(6) cells), was investigated following 24 h incubation with [ super(3)H]ZDV (1.2 mu Ci; 0.1 mu M) and cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT assay. Cytotoxicity was closely related to intracellular concentrations of the major metabolite (ZDVMP) but not with the active metabolite ZDVTP. ZDVMP was the only metabolite detected following incubation of viable mitochondria isolated from U937 cells with ZDV (1.2 mu Ci; 0.1 mu M; 24 h) with mitochondrial levels of 0.27 plus or minus 0.11 pmol/ mu g protein (mean plus or minus SD; n = 3). No MTT toxicity was seen in isolated mitochondria. Following phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells there was an increase in ZDV cytotoxicity compared to unstimulated cells. The results suggest that the mitochondrial isozyme of thymidine kinase (TK2) plays only a minor part in ZDVMP formation. Following PHA stimulation, activation of the cytosolic thymidine kinase isozyme (TK1) is associated with increased toxicity of ZDV. We conclude that ZDVMP responsible for mitochondrial toxicity is formed in the cytosol. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. Zidovudine (ZDV) is a thymidine analogue activated to its triphosphate (ZDVTP) by the host's intracellular enzymes. The initial phosphorylation step is conversion to ZDV monophosphate (ZDVMP). The poor affinity of ZDVMP for thymidylate kinase results in intracellular accumulation of ZDVMP. Clinical use of ZDV is associated with cytotoxicity, thought to be mediated through mitochondrial damage. It has been suggested that ZDV cytotoxicity correlates with intracellular ZDVMP. Here we have further studied the role of ZDVMP in cytotoxicity and some of the mechanisms involved. Intracellular metabolism of ZDV in five lymphocyte/monocyte cell lines, U937, BSM, MOLT 4, JJAHN, and RAJI (4 × 106 cells), was investigated following 24 h incubation with [3H]ZDV (1.2 μCi; 0.1 μM) and cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT assay. Cytotoxicity was closely related to intracellular concentrations of the major metabolite (ZDVMP) but not with the active metabolite ZDVTP. ZDVMP was the only metabolite detected following incubation of viable mitochondria isolated from U937 cells with ZDV (1.2 μCi; 0.1 μM; 24 h) with mitochondrial levels of 0.27 ± 0.11 pmol/μg protein (mean ± SD; n = 3). No MTT toxicity was seen in isolated mitochondria. Following phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells there was an increase in ZDV cytotoxicity compared to unstimulated cells. The results suggest that the mitochondrial isozyme of thymidine kinase (TK2) plays only a minor part in ZDVMP formation. Following PHA stimulation, activation of the cytosolic thymidine kinase isozyme (TK1) is associated with increased toxicity of ZDV. We conclude that ZDVMP responsible for mitochondrial toxicity is formed in the cytosol. |
Author | Sunderland, D. Hart, C.A. Hoggard, P.G. Back, D.J. Khoo, S. Sales, S.D. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: S.D. surname: Sales fullname: Sales, S.D. organization: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, New Medical Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L69 3GE – sequence: 2 givenname: P.G. surname: Hoggard fullname: Hoggard, P.G. organization: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, New Medical Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L69 3GE – sequence: 3 givenname: D. surname: Sunderland fullname: Sunderland, D. organization: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L69 3GA – sequence: 4 givenname: S. surname: Khoo fullname: Khoo, S. organization: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, New Medical Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L69 3GE – sequence: 5 givenname: C.A. surname: Hart fullname: Hart, C.A. organization: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L69 3GA – sequence: 6 givenname: D.J. surname: Back fullname: Back, D.J. organization: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, New Medical Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L69 3GE |
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Keywords | Zidovudine intracellular phosphorylation mitochondrial toxicity Human Cell culture Mitochondria Phosphorylation Metabolite Toxicity Dideoxynucleoside Metabolism toxicity relation Antiviral In vitro Pyrimidine nucleoside |
Language | English |
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Snippet | Zidovudine (ZDV) is a thymidine analogue activated to its triphosphate (ZDVTP) by the host's intracellular enzymes. The initial phosphorylation step is... |
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SubjectTerms | Biological and medical sciences Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Drug toxicity and drugs side effects treatment Humans In Vitro Techniques intracellular phosphorylation Leukocytes, Mononuclear - drug effects Leukocytes, Mononuclear - immunology Lymphocyte Activation Lymphocytes - drug effects Lymphocytes - metabolism Medical sciences Miscellaneous (drug allergy, mutagens, teratogens...) Mitochondria - drug effects Mitochondria - metabolism mitochondrial toxicity Monocytes - drug effects Monocytes - metabolism Pharmacology. Drug treatments Phosphorylation Phytohemagglutinins - pharmacology Succinate Dehydrogenase - metabolism Thymidine Kinase - metabolism U937 Cells - cytology U937 Cells - drug effects U937 Cells - metabolism Zidovudine Zidovudine - metabolism Zidovudine - toxicity |
Title | Zidovudine Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial Toxicity in Vitro |
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