Zidovudine Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial Toxicity in Vitro

• Published in: Toxicology and applied pharmacology Vol. 177; no. 1; pp. 54 - 58
• Main Authors: Sales, S.D., Hoggard, P.G., Sunderland, D., Khoo, S., Hart, C.A., Back, D.J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: San Diego, CA Elsevier Inc 15.11.2001; Elsevier
• Subjects: Biological and medical sciences; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug toxicity and drugs side effects treatment; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; intracellular phosphorylation; Leukocytes, Mononuclear - drug effects; Leukocytes, Mononuclear - immunology; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes - drug effects; Lymphocytes - metabolism; Medical sciences; Miscellaneous (drug allergy, mutagens, teratogens...); Mitochondria - drug effects; Mitochondria - metabolism; mitochondrial toxicity; Monocytes - drug effects; Monocytes - metabolism; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Phosphorylation; Phytohemagglutinins - pharmacology; Succinate Dehydrogenase - metabolism; Thymidine Kinase - metabolism; U937 Cells - cytology; U937 Cells - drug effects; U937 Cells - metabolism; Zidovudine; Zidovudine - metabolism; Zidovudine - toxicity; Zidovudine; intracellular phosphorylation; mitochondrial toxicity; Human; Cell culture; Mitochondria; Phosphorylation; Metabolite; Toxicity; Dideoxynucleoside; Metabolism toxicity relation; Antiviral; In vitro; Pyrimidine nucleoside
• ISSN: 0041-008X; 1096-0333
• DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9288

Zidovudine (ZDV) is a thymidine analogue activated to its triphosphate (ZDVTP) by the host's intracellular enzymes. The initial phosphorylation step is conversion to ZDV monophosphate (ZDVMP). The poor affinity of ZDVMP for thymidylate kinase results in intracellular accumulation of ZDVMP. Clinical use of ZDV is associated with cytotoxicity, thought to be mediated through mitochondrial damage. It has been suggested that ZDV cytotoxicity correlates with intracellular ZDVMP. Here we have further studied the role of ZDVMP in cytotoxicity and some of the mechanisms involved. Intracellular metabolism of ZDV in five lymphocyte/monocyte cell lines, U937, BSM, MOLT 4, JJAHN, and RAJI (4 × 106 cells), was investigated following 24 h incubation with [3H]ZDV (1.2 μCi; 0.1 μM) and cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT assay. Cytotoxicity was closely related to intracellular concentrations of the major metabolite (ZDVMP) but not with the active metabolite ZDVTP. ZDVMP was the only metabolite detected following incubation of viable mitochondria isolated from U937 cells with ZDV (1.2 μCi; 0.1 μM; 24 h) with mitochondrial levels of 0.27 ± 0.11 pmol/μg protein (mean ± SD; n = 3). No MTT toxicity was seen in isolated mitochondria. Following phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells there was an increase in ZDV cytotoxicity compared to unstimulated cells. The results suggest that the mitochondrial isozyme of thymidine kinase (TK2) plays only a minor part in ZDVMP formation. Following PHA stimulation, activation of the cytosolic thymidine kinase isozyme (TK1) is associated with increased toxicity of ZDV. We conclude that ZDVMP responsible for mitochondrial toxicity is formed in the cytosol.