Scapular-muscle performance: two training programs in adolescent swimmers

• Published in: Journal of athletic training Vol. 46; no. 2; pp. 160 - 167
• Main Authors: Van de Velde, Annemie, De Mey, Kristof, Maenhout, Annelies, Calders, Patrick, Cools, Ann M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States The National Athletic Trainers' Association, Inc 01.03.2011
• Subjects: Adolescent; Athletes; Exercise; Exercise Test; Female; Humans; Male; Muscle Fatigue; Muscle Strength - physiology; Muscle, Skeletal - anatomy & histology; Muscle, Skeletal - physiology; Original Research; Physical Endurance; Shoulder - physiology; Swimming - physiology; Upper Extremity - physiology
• ISSN: 1062-6050; 1938-162X
• DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-46.2.160

Swimming requires well-balanced scapular-muscle performance. An additional strength-training program for the shoulders is pursued by swimmers, but whether these muscle-training programs need to be generic or specific for endurance or strength is unknown. To evaluate isokinetic scapular-muscle performance in a population of adolescent swimmers and to compare the results of training programs designed for strength or muscle endurance. Controlled laboratory study. University human research laboratory. Eighteen adolescent swimmers. Each participant pursued a 12-week scapular-training program designed to improve either muscle strength or muscle endurance. Bilateral peak force, fatigue index, and protraction/retraction strength ratios before and after the scapular-training program. Scapular protraction/retraction ratios were slightly higher than 1 (dominant side  =  1.08, nondominant side  =  1.25, P  =  .006). Side-to-side differences in retraction strength were apparent both before and after the training program (P  =  .03 and P  = .05, respectively). After the training program, maximal protraction (P < .05) and retraction (P < .01) strength improved on the nondominant side. Peak force and fatigue index were not different between the training groups. The fatigue indexes for protraction on both sides (P < .05) and retraction on the nondominant side (P  =  .009) were higher after the training program. We describe the scapular-muscle characteristics of a group of adolescent swimmers. Both muscle-strength and muscle-endurance programs improved absolute muscle strength. Neither of the strength programs had a positive effect on scapular-muscle endurance. Our results may be valuable for coaches and physiotherapists when they are designing exercise programs for swimmers.