Aggregate load-frequency control of a wind-hydro autonomous microgrid

• Published in: Renewable energy Vol. 36; no. 12; pp. 3345 - 3354
• Main Authors: Şerban, I., Marinescu, C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.12.2011; Elsevier
• Subjects: Active control; Aggregates; Applied sciences; Assessments; Autonomous; batteries; Battery; Battery energy storage; Control systems; cost effectiveness; Electronics; Energy; Exact sciences and technology; Frequency control; Generators; Micro-hydro; Microgrid; power plants; Smart load; wind; wind power; Wind turbine; Micro-hydro; Microgrid; Wind turbine; Battery energy storage; Frequency control; Smart load
• ISSN: 0960-1481; 1879-0682
• DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2011.05.012

This paper presents an aggregate load-frequency controller for an autonomous microgrid (MG) with wind and hydro renewable energy sources. A micro-hydro power plant with a synchronous generator (SG) and a wind power plant with an induction generator (IG) supply the MG. Both generators directly feed power into the grid without the use of additional power electronics interfaces, thus the solution becoming robust, reliable and cost-effective. An original electronic load controller (ELC) regulates the MG frequency by a centralized load-frequency control method, which is based on a combination of smart load (SL) and battery energy storage system (BESS). SL and BESS provides the active power balance for various events that such systems encounter in real situations, both in cases of energy excess production and energy shortage. Moreover, the proposed ELC includes an ancillary function to compensate the power unbalance produced by the uneven distribution of the single-phase loads on the MG phases, without the use of extra hardware components. A laboratory-scale prototype is used for experimentally assessment of the proposed solutions. The experimental results emphasize the effectiveness of the ELC while also showing its limitations. ► An original electronic load controller (ELC) regulates the frequency of a wind-hydro autonomous microgrid. ► A novel smart load (SL) and a battery energy storage system (BESS) compose the ELC. ► The ELC also compensates the unbalances produced by the single-phase loads. ► A control method for power distribution between BESS and SL.