Cryptosporidium — Biotechnological advances in the detection, diagnosis and analysis of genetic variation

• Published in: Biotechnology advances Vol. 26; no. 4; pp. 304 - 317
• Main Authors: Jex, A.R., Smith, H.V., Monis, P.T., Campbell, B.E., Gasser, R.B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Inc 01.07.2008; New York, NY Elsevier
• Subjects: Animals; Apicomplexa; Biological and medical sciences; Biotechnology; Biotechnology - trends; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidiosis - diagnosis; Cryptosporidiosis - parasitology; Cryptosporidium; Cryptosporidium - genetics; Cryptosporidium - immunology; Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification; Detection; Diagnosis; DNA, Protozoan - analysis; DNA, Protozoan - genetics; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Genetic analysis; Genetic Techniques; Genetic Variation; Humans; Identification; Protista; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium; Apicomplexa; Genetic analysis; Identification; Diagnosis; Protista; Detection; Protozoa; Biotechnology; Genetic variability; Apicomplexa;Protista;Cryptosporidium;Cryptosporidiosis;Identification;Diagnosis;Detection;Genetic analysis
• ISSN: 0734-9750; 1873-1899
• DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.02.003

Cryptosporidiosis is predominantly a gastrointestinal disease of humans and other animals, caused by various species of protozoan parasites representing the genus Cryptosporidium. This disease, transmitted mainly via the faecal–oral route (in water or food), is of major socioeconomic importance worldwide. The diagnosis and genetic characterization of the different species and population variants (usually recognised as “genotypes” or “subgenotypes”) of Cryptosporidium is central to the prevention, surveillance and control of cryptosporidiosis, particularly given that there is presently no broadly applicable treatment regimen for this disease. Although traditional phenotypic techniques have had major limitations in the specific diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis, there have been major advances in the development of molecular analytical and diagnostic tools. This article provides a concise account of Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis, and focuses mainly on recent advances in nucleic acid-based approaches for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis and analysis of genetic variation within and among species of Cryptosporidium. These advances represent a significant step toward an improved understanding of the epidemiology as well as the prevention and control of cryptosporidiosis.