Identification of cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitors with broad-spectrum activity against bunyaviruses

• Published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 119; no. 36; p. e2206104119
• Main Authors: Toba, Shinsuke, Sato, Akihiko, Kawai, Makoto, Taoda, Yoshiyuki, Unoh, Yuto, Kusakabe, Shinji, Nobori, Haruaki, Uehara, Shota, Uemura, Kentaro, Taniguchi, Keiichi, Kobayashi, Masanori, Noshi, Takeshi, Yoshida, Ryu, Naito, Akira, Shishido, Takao, Maruyama, Junki, Paessler, Slobodan, Carr, Michael J, Hall, William W, Yoshimatsu, Kumiko, Arikawa, Jiro, Matsuno, Keita, Sakoda, Yoshihiro, Sasaki, Michihito, Orba, Yasuko, Sawa, Hirofumi, Kida, Hiroshi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States National Academy of Sciences 06.09.2022
• Subjects: Amino acids; Animals; Antiviral activity; Antiviral agents; Antiviral Agents - pharmacology; Biological Sciences; Carboxyl group; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug resistance; Drug Resistance, Viral - drug effects; Drug Resistance, Viral - genetics; Endonuclease; Endonucleases - antagonists & inhibitors; Gene sequencing; Genomes; Hemorrhage; Humans; Influenza; Mice; Orthobunyavirus - drug effects; Orthobunyavirus - genetics; Orthobunyavirus - metabolism; Public health; Ribavirin; Signs and symptoms; Structural analysis; Survival; Thrombocytopenia; Virus Replication - drug effects; Viruses; Whole genome sequencing; cap-dependent endonuclease; antiviral compounds; bunyavirus
• ISSN: 0027-8424; 1091-6490
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206104119

Viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by members of the order comprise endemic and emerging human infections that are significant public health concerns. Despite the disease severity, there are few therapeutic options available, and therefore effective antiviral drugs are urgently needed to reduce disease burdens. Bunyaviruses, like influenza viruses (IFVs), possess a cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) that mediates the critical cap-snatching step of viral RNA transcription. We screened compounds from our CEN inhibitor (CENi) library and identified specific structural compounds that are 100 to 1,000 times more active in vitro than ribavirin against bunyaviruses, including Lassa virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and Junin virus. To investigate their inhibitory mechanism of action, drug-resistant viruses were selected in culture. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that amino acid substitutions in the CEN region of drug-resistant viruses were located in similar positions as those of the CEN α3-helix loop of IFVs derived under drug selection. Thus, our studies suggest that CENi compounds inhibit both bunyavirus and IFV replication in a mechanistically similar manner. Structural analysis revealed that the side chain of the carboxyl group at the seventh position of the main structure of the compound was essential for the high antiviral activity against bunyaviruses. In LCMV-infected mice, the compounds significantly decreased blood viral load, suppressed symptoms such as thrombocytopenia and hepatic dysfunction, and improved survival rates. These data suggest a potential broad-spectrum clinical utility of CENis for the treatment of both severe influenza and hemorrhagic diseases caused by bunyaviruses.