Potential Anionic Substances Binding to Platelet Factor 4 in Vaccine-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia of ChAdOx1-S Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2

• Published in: Frontiers in immunology Vol. 12; p. 782335
• Main Authors: Pang, Xiaocong, Liu, Haitao, He, Xu, Ji, Tianrong, Zhu, Yizhun, Cui, Yimin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 12.01.2022
• Subjects: Adenovirus Vaccines - adverse effects; Adenovirus Vaccines - immunology; Adjuvants, Immunologic - administration & dosage; anionic substances; Antibodies, Viral - immunology; ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 - adverse effects; ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 - immunology; ChAdOx1-S vaccine; COVID-19 - immunology; Humans; Immunology; PF4; Platelet Factor 4 - immunology; SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2 - immunology; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus - immunology; Thrombocytopenia - chemically induced; Thrombosis - chemically induced; Vaccination - adverse effects; vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT); vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT); anionic substances; SARS-CoV-2; ChAdOx1-S vaccine; PF4
• ISSN: 1664-3224; 1664-3224
• DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782335

Recent reports of rare ChAdOx1-S vaccine-related venous thrombosis led to the suspension of its usage in several countries. Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is characterized by thrombocytopenia and thrombosis in association with anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibodies. Herein, we propose five potential anionic substances of the ChAdOx1-S vaccine that can combine with PF4 and trigger VITT, including (1) the proteins on the surface of adenovirus, e.g., negative charged glycoprotein, (2) the adjuvant components of the vaccine, e.g., Tween 80, (3) the DNA of adenovirus, (4) the S protein antigen expressed by the vaccine, and (5) the negatively charged impurity proteins expressed by the vaccine, e.g., adenovirus skeleton proteins. After analysis of each case, we consider the most possible trigger to be the negatively charged impurity proteins expressed by the vaccine. Then, we display the possible extravascular route and intravascular route of the formation of PF4 autoantibodies triggered by the negatively charged impurity proteins, which is accordant with the clinical situation. Accordingly, the susceptible individuals of VITT after ChAdOx1-S vaccination may be people who express negatively charged impurity proteins and reach a certain high titer.