Assessing Efficacy of Clinical Disinfectants for Pathogenic Fungi by Single-Cell Raman Microspectroscopy
Disinfectants are crucial for root canal therapy (RCT), as metabolism of canal-inhabiting microbes can cause refractory infections. To develop effective yet patient- and environment-friendly disinfectant formulations, we quantitatively assessed the metabolism-inhibiting effects of intracanal disinfe...
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Published in | Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology Vol. 12; p. 772378 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Switzerland
Frontiers Media S.A
23.02.2022
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Summary: | Disinfectants are crucial for root canal therapy (RCT), as metabolism of canal-inhabiting microbes can cause refractory infections. To develop effective yet patient- and environment-friendly disinfectant formulations, we quantitatively assessed the metabolism-inhibiting effects of intracanal disinfectants
D
O-probed Single-Cell Raman Spectra (SCRS), using
(
) as a pathogen model. For chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and hydrogen peroxide (H
O
), at their MIC of 4, 168, and 60 μg/ml, respectively, despite the complete growth halt, metabolic activity of individual fungal cells was reduced on average by 0.4%, 93.9%, and 94.1% at 8 h, revealing a "nongrowing but metabolically active" (NGMA) state that may underlie potential refractory infections, particularly for CHX. In contrast, at their Metabolic Activity-based Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC-MA) of 8, 336, and 120 μg/ml, respectively, metabolic activity of all cells was completely halted throughout 8 h exposure. Moreover, combined use of NaClO+H
O
(combination at 0.5× MIC-MA each) outperforms solo uses of CHX, NaClO, H
O
, or other binary combinations. Furthermore, dynamics of SCRS revealed distinct fungicidal mechanisms of CHX, NaClO, H
O
, and their pairwise combinations. MIC-MA is advantageous in critically assessing antifungal efficacy, and NaClO+H
O
can potentially serve as a more efficient disinfectant formula for fungal pathogens. |
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Bibliography: | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Edited by: Maayan Levy, University of Pennsylvania, United States These authors have contributed equally to this work This article was submitted to Microbiome in Health and Disease, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology Reviewed by: Ajoy Kumar Verma, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, India; Maryam Roudbary, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran |
ISSN: | 2235-2988 2235-2988 |
DOI: | 10.3389/fcimb.2022.772378 |