LINE-1 Activity in Facultative Heterochromatin Formation during X Chromosome Inactivation

During X chromosome inactivation (XCI), Xist RNA coats and silences one of the two X chromosomes in female cells. Little is known about how XCI spreads across the chromosome, although LINE-1 elements have been proposed to play a role. Here we show that LINEs participate in creating a silent nuclear...

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Published inCell Vol. 141; no. 6; pp. 956 - 969
Main Authors Chow, Jennifer C., Ciaudo, Constance, Fazzari, Melissa J., Mise, Nathan, Servant, Nicolas, Glass, Jacob L., Attreed, Matthew, Avner, Philip, Wutz, Anton, Barillot, Emmanuel, Greally, John M., Voinnet, Olivier, Heard, Edith
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Elsevier Inc 11.06.2010
Elsevier
Subjects
Animals
Cell Line
Cellular Biology
DEVBIO
DNA
Embryonic Stem Cells
Embryonic Stem Cells - metabolism
Female
Heterochromatin
Heterochromatin - metabolism
Humans
Life Sciences
Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements
Mice
RNA
RNA, Long Noncoding
RNA, Untranslated
RNA, Untranslated - metabolism
Transcription, Genetic
X Chromosome
X Chromosome - metabolism
X Chromosome Inactivation
RNA
DNA
DEVBIO
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Summary:During X chromosome inactivation (XCI), Xist RNA coats and silences one of the two X chromosomes in female cells. Little is known about how XCI spreads across the chromosome, although LINE-1 elements have been proposed to play a role. Here we show that LINEs participate in creating a silent nuclear compartment into which genes become recruited. A subset of young LINE-1 elements, however, is expressed during XCI, rather than being silenced. We demonstrate that such LINE expression requires the specific heterochromatic state induced by Xist. These LINEs often lie within escape-prone regions of the X chromosome, but close to genes that are subject to XCI, and are associated with putative endo-siRNAs. LINEs may thus facilitate XCI at different levels, with silent LINEs participating in assembly of a heterochromatic nuclear compartment induced by Xist, and active LINEs participating in local propagation of XCI into regions that would otherwise be prone to escape. [Display omitted] [Display omitted] ► LINE and SINE repeats help to nucleate heterochromatin during X inactivation ► Young LINEs are active on the X chromosome during its inactivation ► Young LINE expression on the inactive X requires functional Xist RNA ► LINE activity may facilitate X inactivation of genes in escape-prone regions
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ISSN:0092-8674
1097-4172
1097-4172
DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2010.04.042