Association between vitamin D deficiency and periodontal status in current smokers

• Published in: Community dentistry and oral epidemiology Vol. 43; no. 5; pp. 471 - 478
• Main Authors: Lee, Hyo-Jin, Je, Dong-Il, Won, Seong-Jae, Paik, Dai-Il, Bae, Kwang-Hak
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Denmark Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.10.2015
• Subjects: Adult; Dental Health Surveys; Dentistry; epidemiology; Female; Gum disease; Health Status; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; nutrition; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Index; periodontitis; Periodontitis - epidemiology; Periodontitis - etiology; Republic of Korea - epidemiology; Smoking; Smoking - adverse effects; Smoking - epidemiology; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency - complications; Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology; Vitamin deficiency; Republic of Korea; epidemiology; nutrition; vitamin D; periodontitis; smoking
• ISSN: 0301-5661; 1600-0528
• DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12173

Objectives The aim of this study was to examine whether vitamin D level is associated with periodontitis using a representative sample of Korean adults. Methods A total of 6011 subjects who participated in the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were examined. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25‐hydroxyvitamin D serum concentrations to be under or equal to 20 ng/ml. We assessed periodontal conditions by Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and defined higher CPI as ≥code 3. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed adjusting for sociodemographics, oral and general health behaviors, and systemic health status. All analyses considered a complex sampling design, and a subgroup analysis was performed to determine estimates stratified according to the effect modifier. Results There was no association between vitamin D deficiency and higher CPI after adjusting for the covariates in the total sample. According to the strata of smoking, the significant association was found in only current smokers after adjusting for the covariates including pack‐years (odds ratio: 1.53, 95% confidence interval: 1.07–2.18). Conclusions A significant association between vitamin D deficiency and periodontal status was found in only current smokers. Smoking could modify the effect of vitamin D on periodontitis.