Impaired generalization of reward but not loss in obsessive–compulsive disorder

• Published in: Depression and anxiety Vol. 36; no. 2; pp. 121 - 129
• Main Authors: Rouhani, Nina, Wimmer, George Elliott, Schneier, Franklin R., Fyer, Abby J., Shohamy, Daphna, Simpson, Helen Blair
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.02.2019
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Anxiety; Anxiety - psychology; Case-Control Studies; Choice learning; Cognition; Cues; decision‐making; Fear - psychology; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - psychology; Phobia, Social - psychology; Reinforcement; reinforcement learning; Reward; reward generalization; sensory preconditioning; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult; sensory preconditioning; reward generalization; cognition; decision-making; reinforcement learning
• ISSN: 1091-4269; 1520-6394; 1520-6394
• DOI: 10.1002/da.22857

Background Generalizing from past experiences can be adaptive by allowing those experiences to guide behavior in new situations. Generalizing too much, however, can be maladaptive. For example, individuals with pathological anxiety are believed to overgeneralize emotional responses from past threats, broadening their scope of fears. Whether individuals with pathological anxiety overgeneralize in other situations remains unclear. Methods The present study (N = 57) used a monetary sensory preconditioning paradigm with rewards and losses to address this question in individuals with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD), comparing them to healthy comparison subjects (HC). In all groups, we tested direct learning of associations between cues and reward vs. loss outcomes, as well as generalization of learning to novel choice options. Results We found no differences between the three groups in the direct learning of stimuli with their outcomes: all subjects demonstrated intact stimulus‐response learning by choosing rewarding options and avoiding negative ones. However, OCD subjects were less likely to generalize from rewards than either the SAD or HC groups, and this impairment was not found for losses. Additionally, greater deficits in reward generalization were correlated with severity of threat estimation, as measured by a subscale of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire, both within OCD and across all groups. Conclusions These findings suggest that a compromised ability to generalize from rewarding events may impede adaptive behavior in OCD and in those susceptible to high estimation of threat.