Intraoperative radiotherapy in breast cancer: Alterations to the tumor microenvironment and subsequent biological outcomes (Review)

• Published in: Molecular medicine reports Vol. 28; no. 6
• Main Authors: Yang, Yang, Hou, Xiaochen, Kong, Shujia, Zha, Zhuocen, Huang, Mingqing, Li, Chenxi, Li, Na, Ge, Fei, Chen, Wenlin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Athens Spandidos Publications 01.12.2023; Spandidos Publications UK Ltd; D.A. Spandidos
• Subjects: Analysis; Angiogenesis; Antitumor activity; Blood levels; Blood vessels; Breast cancer; Cancer; Cancer cells; Cancer therapies; Care and treatment; Cell growth; Cell migration; Cell proliferation; Chemotherapy; Clinical medicine; Development and progression; DNA damage; Drug development; Drug dosages; Drug resistance; Glucose metabolism; Health aspects; Intraoperative radiotherapy; Lung cancer; Metastasis; MicroRNA; MicroRNAs; miRNA; Oncology, Experimental; Oncostatin M; Patients; Peripheral blood; Phenotypes; Physiological aspects; Post-radiation; Quality of life; Radiation therapy; Radiotherapy; Review; Signal transduction; Stem cells; Surgery; Therapeutic applications; Therapeutic targets; Tumor cells; Tumor microenvironment; Tumors; Vascular endothelial growth factor; Wounds; China; Denmark; Canada
• ISSN: 1791-2997; 1791-3004
• DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2023.13118

Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is a precise, single high-dose irradiation directly targeting the tumor bed during surgery. In comparison with traditional external beam RT, it minimizes damage to other normal tissues, ensures an adequate dose to the tumor bed and results in improved cosmetic outcomes and quality of life. Furthermore, IORT offers a shorter treatment duration, lower economic costs and therapeutic efficacy comparable with traditional RT. However, its relatively higher local recurrence rate limits its further clinical applications. Identifying effective radiosensitizing drugs and rational RT protocols will improve its advantages. Furthermore, IORT may not only damage DNA to directly kill breast tumor cells but also alter the tumor microenvironment (TME) to exert a sustained antitumor effect. Specific doses of IORT may exert anti-angiogenic effects, and consequently antitumor effects, by impacting post-radiation peripheral blood levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and delta-like 4. IORT may also modify the postoperative wound fluid composition to continuously inhibit tumor growth, e.g. by reducing components such as microRNA (miR)-21, miR-221, miR-115, oncostatin M, TNF-[beta], IL-6 and IL-8, and by elevating levels of components such as miR-223, to inhibit the ability of postoperative wound fluid to induce proliferation, invasion and migration of residual cancer cells. IORT can also modify cancer cell glucose metabolism to inhibit the proliferation of residual tumor cells. In addition, IORT can induce a bystander effect, eliminating the postoperative wound fluid-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor stem cell phenotype. Insights gained at the molecular level may provide new directions for identifying novel therapeutic targets and approaches. A more comprehensive understanding of the effects of IORT on the breast cancer (BC) TME may further its clinical application. Hence, the present article reviews the primary effects of IORT on Bc and its impact on the TME, aiming to offer fresh research perspectives for relevant professionals. Key words: breast cancer, intraoperative radiotherapy, intraoperative electron radiotherapy, bystander effect, metastasis, tumor microenvironment, anti-angiogenesis effect, microRNA