Structural and mechanistic aspects of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs)

• Published in: Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids Vol. 1865; no. 11; p. 158590
• Main Authors: Daruwalla, Anahita, Kiser, Philip D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.11.2020
• Subjects: Beta-propeller; Carbon - metabolism; Carotenoids - chemistry; Carotenoids - metabolism; Dioxetane; Dioxygenases - chemistry; Dioxygenases - genetics; Dioxygenases - metabolism; Humans; Light; Monotopic membrane protein; Nitric oxide; Non-heme iron; Nonheme Iron Proteins - chemistry; Nonheme Iron Proteins - genetics; Nonheme Iron Proteins - metabolism; Oxygen - metabolism; Resveratrol; Resveratrol - pharmacology; Substrate Specificity; sKIE; CCD; EPR; Monotopic membrane protein; NinaB; Beta-propeller; Non-heme iron; XAS; ACO; RPE65; BCO; NCED; NOV; VP14; Nitric oxide; Resveratrol; LSD; Dioxetane; CAO1
• ISSN: 1388-1981; 1879-2618
• DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158590

Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) comprise a superfamily of mononuclear non-heme iron proteins that catalyze the oxygenolytic fission of alkene bonds in carotenoids to generate apocarotenoid products. Some of these enzymes exhibit additional activities such as carbon skeleton rearrangement and trans-cis isomerization. The group also includes a subfamily of enzymes that split the interphenyl alkene bond in molecules such as resveratrol and lignostilbene. CCDs are involved in numerous biological processes ranging from production of light-sensing chromophores to degradation of lignin derivatives in pulping waste sludge. These enzymes exhibit unique features that distinguish them from other families of non-heme iron enzymes. The distinctive properties and biological importance of CCDs have stimulated interest in their modes of catalysis. Recent structural, spectroscopic, and computational studies have helped clarify mechanistic aspects of CCD catalysis. Here, we review these findings emphasizing common and unique properties of CCDs that enable their variable substrate specificity and regioselectivity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro. •CCDs are iron-dependent, alkene-cleaving enzymes broadly found in nature.•Crystal structures for six distinct alkene-cleaving CCDs have been solved to date.•Universal and unique structural features of CCDs are described.•CCD catalysis is discussed in light of recent experimental and computational studies.