A new approach to using Diffusive Gradient in Thin-films (DGT) labile concentration for Water Framework Directive chemical status assessment: adaptation of Environmental Quality Standard to DGT for cadmium, nickel and lead

• Published in: Environmental sciences Europe Vol. 35; no. 1; pp. 29 - 12
• Main Authors: Amouroux, Isabelle, Gonzalez, Jean-Louis, Guesdon, Stephane, Belzunce-Segarra, María Jesús, Bersuder, Philippe, Bolam, Thi, Caetano, Miguel, Correia Dos Santos, Margarida, Larreta, Joana, Lebrun, Luc, Marras, Barbara, Millán Gabet, Vanessa, McHugh, Brendan, Menchaca, Iratxe, Menet-Nédélec, Florence, Montero, Natalia, Perceval, Olivier, Pierre-Duplessix, Olivier, Regan, Fiona, Rodríguez, Jose Germán, Rodrigo Sanz, Marta, Schintu, Marco, White, Blánaid, Zhang, Hao
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 29.04.2023; Springer Nature B.V; SPRINGER; SpringerOpen
• Subjects: Adaptation; Bioavailability; Cadmium; Chemical status assessment; Coastal waters; Concentration gradient; Context; DGT (Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films); Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Environment; Environmental monitoring; Environmental quality; EQSmarine water; Lead; Life Sciences; Marine ecology; Marine environment; Metal concentrations; Metal dissolved concentration; Metal labile concentration; Nickel; Pollution; Quality assessment; Quality standards; Samplers; Thin films; Water Framework Directive (WFD); Water management; Water Framework Directive (WFD); Metal labile concentration; Cadmium; Metal dissolved concentration; EQS; Lead; Nickel; Bioavailability; Chemical status assessment; DGT (Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films)
• ISSN: 2190-4715; 2190-4707; 2190-4715
• DOI: 10.1186/s12302-023-00733-4

Integrative passive samplers, such as DGT (Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films), are identified in European Technical Guidance Documents as promising tools to improve the quality of the assessment, in the context of the WFD (EU Water Framework Directive). However, DGT results cannot yet be used directly in a regulatory framework to assess the chemical status of water bodies, as DGT labile concentrations cannot be directly compared to the metal AA-EQS marine water (Annual Average Environmental Quality Standard) established by the WFD, which are defined in the dissolved concentration. Therefore, prior to using DGT results in a regulatory context, for cadmium, nickel and lead, an adaptation of existing AA-EQS marine water for DGTs should be pursued, ensuring at least the same level of protection. In this sense, in the framework of the MONITOOL project, a robust database of dissolved and labile metal concentrations in transitional and coastal waters, for adapting the existing AA-EQS marine water for DGT technique, was obtained. Building on these results, this study proposes a methodology and provides values and equations for using DGT results for the chemical status assessment of marine waters, by adapting the EQS marine water to adapted EQS DGT or predicting dissolved concentrations from DGT results. Based on available dataset, a first simulation of “chemical status” assessment per MONITOOL sampling site using DGT measured labile concentrations was carried out and the results were compared to an assessment based on dissolved concentration to check their compliance. These results demonstrate that the use of DGT passive samplers is appropriate for the metal concentrations level encountered in the marine environment. Further work is recommended to test the effectiveness of the methodology proposed in this study under WFD conditions on more sites and to establish common strategy guidelines for the use of DGT passive samplers in monitoring.