Cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: New data and an updated meta-analysis

Few studies have been conducted examining cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients compared to healthy volunteers. The goals of this study were: 1) to report original data detailing cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 10 patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) diagn...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inSchizophrenia research Vol. 202; pp. 64 - 71
Main Authors Gallego, Juan A., Blanco, Emily A., Husain-Krautter, Sehba, Madeline Fagen, E., Moreno-Merino, Paula, del Ojo-Jiménez, Juan A., Ahmed, Anthony, Rothstein, Thomas L., Lencz, Todd, Malhotra, Anil K.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.12.2018
Subjects
Adult
Cerebrospinal fluid
Chronic Disease
Cytokines
Cytokines - cerebrospinal fluid
Female
Humans
Inflammation
Inflammation - cerebrospinal fluid
Male
Middle Aged
Psychotic Disorders - cerebrospinal fluid
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia - cerebrospinal fluid
Schizophrenia
Inflammation
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cytokines
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Summary:Few studies have been conducted examining cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients compared to healthy volunteers. The goals of this study were: 1) to report original data detailing cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 10 patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) diagnosis and 10 healthy controls and 2) to conduct a meta-analysis of the available data on cytokine levels in the CSF of patients with SSD compared to healthy controls, including our new data. Cytokine concentrations were measured using the Q-plex Human Cytokine Screen array in CSF of 10 patients with SSD and 10 healthy volunteers. For the meta-analysis, an electronic PubMed and Google Scholar search without restrictions was conducted for articles that reported on cytokine levels in CSF in patients with an SSD compared to healthy controls. Our original data revealed statistically significant increases in levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in the CSF of patients with an SSD compared to healthy volunteers. Our meta-analysis showed statistically significant increases in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 in patients compared to healthy volunteers. Effect sizes between treated and untreated patients for IL-6 were of similar magnitude. However, IL-6 levels were higher in early stage schizophrenia patients compared to chronic schizophrenia patients. Studies with larger sample sizes, comprehensive assessments and ideally in the context of a randomized controlled intervention to minimize the impact of confounding factors are needed to fully understand the role of cytokines and inflammatory markers in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Dr. Gallego designed the study, collected the samples, performed statsistical analysis, and wrote the manuscript. Ms. Blanco assisted in performing data analysis and edited the manuscript. Dr. Husain-Krautter and Ms. Fegan quantified cytokine levels using the multiplex ELISA-based Q-Plex™ Human Cytokine array and edited the manuscript. Drs. Moreno-Merino, M.D and del Ojo-Jimenez conducted the literature search, extracted and entered the data in the database and edited the manuscript. Dr. Ahmed helped with statistical analysis and edited the manuscript. Dr. Rothstein helped with data analysis and edited the manuscript. Dr. Lencz and Malhotra helped with study design and edited the manuscript. All authors have approved the final article.
Author Contributions
ISSN:0920-9964
1573-2509
DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2018.07.019