The Response of the Southern Ocean and Antarctic Sea Ice to Freshwater from Ice Shelves in an Earth System Model

• Published in: Journal of climate Vol. 29; no. 5; pp. 1655 - 1672
• Main Authors: Pauling, Andrew G., Bitz, Cecilia M., Smith, Inga J., Langhorne, Patricia J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Boston American Meteorological Society 01.03.2016
• Subjects: Advection; Antarctic ice sheet; Antarctic sea ice; Anthropogenic factors; Atmosphere; Brackish; Climate models; Earth; Employment; Estimates; Evaporation; Experiments; Fresh water; Freshwater; Freshwater ice; Fronts; Funding; Glaciation; Global warming; Ice; Ice sheets; Ice shelves; Icebergs; Infrastructure; Inland water environment; Intercomparison; Land ice; Marine; Mass; Mass balance; Meteorology; Mixed layer; Modelling; Ocean surface; Oceans; Polar environments; Precipitation; Satellites; Sea ice; Sea level; Sea surface; Sea surface cooling; Studies; Surface cooling; Surface mixed layer; Tidal fronts; Trends; Vertical advection; Arctic region; Southern Ocean; Antarctica; PS, Antarctic Ocean
• ISSN: 0894-8755; 1520-0442
• DOI: 10.1175/jcli-d-15-0501.1

The possibility that recent Antarctic sea ice expansion resulted from an increase in freshwater reaching the Southern Ocean is investigated here. The freshwater flux from ice sheet and ice shelf mass imbalance is largely missing in models that participated in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). However, on average, precipitation minus evaporation (P – E) reaching the Southern Ocean has increased in CMIP5 models to a present value that is about 2600 Gt yr−1 greater than preindustrial times and 5–22 times larger than estimates of the mass imbalance of Antarctic ice sheets and shelves (119–544 Gt yr−1). Two sets of experiments were conducted from 1980 to 2013 in CESM1(CAM5), one of the CMIP5 models, artificially distributing freshwater either at the ocean surface to mimic iceberg melt or at the ice shelf fronts at depth. An anomalous reduction in vertical advection of heat into the surface mixed layer resulted in sea surface cooling at high southern latitudes and an associated increase in sea ice area. Enhancing the freshwater input by an amount within the range of estimates of the Antarctic mass imbalance did not have any significant effect on either sea ice area magnitude or trend. Freshwater enhancement of 2000 Gt yr−1 raised the total sea ice area by 1 × 10⁶ km², yet this and even an enhancement of 3000 Gt yr−1 was insufficient to offset the sea ice decline due to anthropogenic forcing for any period of 20 years or longer. Further, the sea ice response was found to be insensitive to the depth of freshwater injection.