Systemic inflammation in colorectal cancer: Underlying factors, effects, and prognostic significance

Systemic inflammation is a marker of poor prognosis preoperatively present in around 20%-40% of colorectal cancer patients. The hallmarks of systemic inflammation include an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins that enter the circulation. While the low-level sys...

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Published inWorld journal of gastroenterology : WJG Vol. 25; no. 31; pp. 4383 - 4404
Main Authors Tuomisto, Anne E, Mäkinen, Markus J, Väyrynen, Juha P
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Baishideng Publishing Group Inc 21.08.2019
Subjects
Biomarkers - blood
Biomarkers - metabolism
C-Reactive Protein - analysis
C-Reactive Protein - immunology
C-Reactive Protein - metabolism
Cachexia - immunology
Cachexia - metabolism
Cachexia - mortality
Colorectal Neoplasms - complications
Colorectal Neoplasms - immunology
Colorectal Neoplasms - mortality
Cytokines - blood
Cytokines - immunology
Cytokines - metabolism
Humans
Inflammation - blood
Inflammation - immunology
Inflammation - metabolism
Inflammation Mediators - blood
Inflammation Mediators - immunology
Inflammation Mediators - metabolism
Metabolic Networks and Pathways - immunology
Prognosis
Review
Tumor Escape
Wasting Syndrome - immunology
Wasting Syndrome - metabolism
Wasting Syndrome - mortality
Chemokine
Glasgow prognostic score
C-reactive protein
Prognosis
Colorectal cancer
Cytokine
Cachexia
Inflammation
Metastasis
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Summary:Systemic inflammation is a marker of poor prognosis preoperatively present in around 20%-40% of colorectal cancer patients. The hallmarks of systemic inflammation include an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins that enter the circulation. While the low-level systemic inflammation is often clinically silent, its consequences are many and may ultimately lead to chronic cancer-associated wasting, cachexia. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis of cancer-related systemic inflammation, explore the role of systemic inflammation in promoting cancer growth, escaping antitumor defense, and shifting metabolic pathways, and how these changes are related to less favorable outcome.
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Telephone: +358-29-4485946 Fax: +358-8-344084
Corresponding author: Anne E Tuomisto, PhD, Research Scientist, Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland. anne.tuomisto@oulu.fi
Author contributions: All authors equally contributed to the literature review and design, writing, revision and editing of the manuscript.
ISSN:1007-9327
2219-2840
2219-2840
DOI:10.3748/wjg.v25.i31.4383