Identifying Bixa orellana L. New Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenases 1 and 4 Potentially Involved in Bixin Biosynthesis
Carotene cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are a large family of Fe dependent enzymes responsible for the production of a wide variety of apocarotenoids, such as bixin. Among the natural apocarotenoids, bixin is second in economic importance. It has a red-orange color and is produced mainly in the seeds...
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Published in | Frontiers in plant science Vol. 13; p. 829089 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Switzerland
Frontiers Media S.A
11.02.2022
|
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Summary: | Carotene cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are a large family of Fe
dependent enzymes responsible for the production of a wide variety of apocarotenoids, such as bixin. Among the natural apocarotenoids, bixin is second in economic importance. It has a red-orange color and is produced mainly in the seeds of
. The biosynthesis of bixin aldehyde from the oxidative cleavage of lycopene at 5,6/5',6' bonds by a CCD is considered the first step of bixin biosynthesis. Eight
(
and
) genes potentially involved in the first step of
bixin biosynthesis have been identified. However, the cleavage activity upon lycopene to produce bixin aldehyde has only been demonstrated for BoCCD1-1 and BoCCD4-3. Using
(
) and
approaches, we determined that the other identified BoCCDs enzymes (BoCCD1-3, BoCCD1-4, BoCCD4-1, BoCCD4-2, and BoCCD4-4) also participate in the biosynthesis of bixin aldehyde from lycopene. The LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis showed a peak corresponding to bixin aldehyde (
349.1) in pACCRT-EIB
cells that express the BoCCD1 and BoCCD4 proteins, which was confirmed by
enzymatic assay. Interestingly, in the
assay of BoCCD1-4, BoCCD4-1, BoCCD4-2, and BoCCD4-4, bixin aldehyde was oxidized to norbixin (
380.2), the second product of the bixin biosynthesis pathway.
analysis also showed that BoCCD1 and BoCCD4 proteins encode functional dioxygenases that can use lycopene as substrate. The production of bixin aldehyde and norbixin was corroborated based on their ion fragmentation pattern, as well as by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. This work made it possible to clarify at the same time the first and second steps of the bixin biosynthesis pathway that had not been evaluated for a long time. |
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Bibliography: | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 This article was submitted to Plant Metabolism and Chemodiversity, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science Reviewed by: José-Antonio Daròs, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain; Tianhu Sun, Cornell University, United States Edited by: Li Li, Cornell University, United States |
ISSN: | 1664-462X 1664-462X |
DOI: | 10.3389/fpls.2022.829089 |