An Environmental-friendly Procedure Based on Deep Eutectic Solvent for Extraction and Determination of Toxic Elements in Fish Species from Different Regions of Iraq

• Published in: Journal of food protection Vol. 86; no. 7; p. 100102
• Main Authors: Hanifar, Kalinaki, Almajidi, Yasir Q., Sanaan Jabbar, Hijran, Alexis Ramírez-Coronel, Andrés, Altalbawy, Farag M.A., Almulla, Abbas F., Turki Jalil, Abduladheem, Awad, Sameer A., Andres Barboza-Arenas, Luis
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.07.2023; Elsevier
• Subjects: Deep eutectic solvent; Fish analysis; Liquid-phase microextraction; Toxic elements; Vortex assisted; Liquid-phase microextraction; Deep eutectic solvent; Fish analysis; Vortex assisted; Toxic elements
• ISSN: 0362-028X; 1944-9097
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100102

•A novel DES was employed for the extraction of metal ions.•DES is composed of l-menthol and ethylene glycol (EG) with a molar ratio of 1:1.•A low detection limit and a suitable linear range were obtained with the presented method.•HMs in fish caught from the Rivers is much higher than the locally farmed trout fish. In this study, an eco-friendly procedure was established by vortex-assisted liquid-phase microextraction based on deep eutectic solvent (VA−LPME−DES) combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). The performance of this method was demonstrated by the extraction and analysis of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in fish samples. The hydrophobic DES is considered as a green extractant (environmentally friendly and less toxic than common organic solvents) and is a suitable alternative to common toxic organic solvents and is made of l-menthol and ethylene glycol (EG) with a molar ratio of 1:1. Under optimized conditions, the method linearity was in the ranges of 0.15–150 µg kg−1 with the coefficient of determinations (r2) higher than 0.996. Accordingly, the detection limits for Pb, Cd, and Hg were 0.05, 0.05, and 0.10 µg kg−1, respectively. The analysis of fish samples showed that the concentration of toxic elements in fish caught from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers is much higher than the concentration of these elements in locally farmed trout fish. Also, the analysis of fish-certified reference materials with presented procedure produced results that were in good agreement with the certified values. The results showed that VA−LPME–DES is a very cheap, fast, and environmental-friendly procedure for the analysis of toxic elements in different types of fish species.