Does spending time outdoors reduce stress? A review of real-time stress response to outdoor environments

• Published in: Health & place Vol. 51; pp. 136 - 150
• Main Authors: Kondo, Michelle C., Jacoby, Sara F., South, Eugenia C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.05.2018; Elsevier Science Ltd
• Subjects: Blood Pressure; Environmental conditions; Environmental Exposure; Environmental impact; Exercise; Exposure; Gardening; Gardens & gardening; Green development; Health technology assessment; Heart Rate; Humans; Literature reviews; Nature; Occupational stress; Parks & recreation areas; Real time; Reviews; Self report; Stress; Stress management; Stress response; Stress, Psychological - prevention & control; Stress, Psychological - psychology; Stresses; Systematic review; Walking
• ISSN: 1353-8292; 1873-2054
• DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.03.001

Everyday environmental conditions impact human health. One mechanism underlying this relationship is the experience of stress. Through systematic review of published literature, we explore how stress has been measured in real-time non-laboratory studies of stress responses to deliberate exposure to outdoor environments. The types of exposures evaluated in this review include: nature viewing, outdoor walks, outdoor exercise and gardening. We characterize study design, modalities of stress measurements, and statistical estimates of effect and significance. Heart rate, blood pressure, and self-report measures provide the most convincing evidence that spending time in outdoor environments, particularly those with green space, may reduce the experience of stress, and ultimately improve health. More work is needed to understand effects of in situ modifications to outdoor environments on residents’ stress response. •Systematic review of 43 real-time non-laboratory studies of stress responses to outdoor, often natural, environments.•Stress outcome measurements were by anthropometric instruments, saliva, blood, urine, actigraph, self-report and eeg.•Environmental exposures included nature viewing, outdoor walk, outdoor exercise, or gardening.•Heart rate, blood pressure, and self-report results provide the most convincing evidence.