Client perspectives and satisfaction with integrating facility and community-based HPV self-sampling for cervical cancer screening with family planning: a mixed method study

• Published in: BMC public health Vol. 25; no. 1; pp. 1718 - 14
• Main Authors: Bula, Agatha K., Mhango, Patani, Tsidya, Mercy, Chimwaza, Wanangwa, Kaira, Princess, Ghambi, Kachengwa, Heitner, Jesse, Lee, Fan, McGue, Shannon, Chinula, Lameck, Mwapasa, Victor, Tang, Jennifer H., Smith, Jennifer S., Chipeta, Effie
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 09.05.2025; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Adult; Analysis; Audio data; Cancer; Cancer screening; Care and treatment; Cervical cancer; Cervical cancer screening; Community health care; Complications and side effects; Consultation; Cost effectiveness; Customer satisfaction; Data analysis; Diagnosis; Disease prevention; Early Detection of Cancer - methods; Family Planning; Family Planning Services; Female; Health facilities; Health sciences; HIV; HPV self-sampling; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human papillomavirus; Humans; Industrialized nations; Integration; Interviews as Topic; Malawi; Medical personnel; Medical screening; Methods; Middle Aged; Oncology, Experimental; Papillomavirus infections; Papillomavirus Infections - diagnosis; Patient satisfaction; Patient Satisfaction - statistics & numerical data; Prevalence studies (Epidemiology); Prevention; Privacy; Qualitative analysis; Qualitative Research; Risk factors; Sampling; Self Care; Software; Surveys; Thermo ablations; Toilets; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - diagnosis; Womens health; Young Adult; Malawi; Cervical cancer screening; Family Planning; Thermo ablations; HPV self-sampling
• ISSN: 1471-2458; 1471-2458
• DOI: 10.1186/s12889-025-22761-w

Invasive Cervical cancer is a largely preventable disease through screening, but access to cervical cancer screening (CCS) remains a challenge in Malawi. Integration of CCS with family planning (FP) services through Human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling may increase screening coverage. We aimed to evaluate women's perceptions, motivations, and satisfaction with integration of HPV self-sampling with family planning in Malawi. In this mixed-methods study, we purposively sampled and interviewed 29 women who underwent HPV self-sampling for CCS through one of two different CCS-FP integration models in Malawi. We also completed 766 Client Exit Surveys with CCS patients from both models. Model 1 involved only clinic-based HPV self-sampling, while Model 2 included both clinic-based and community-based HPV self-sampling supported by community health workers. In-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted using a semi-structured guide, audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated into English for analysis. Qualitative data were analyzed using NVivo 12.0 software and thematic analysis, and quantitative data were analyzed using statistical software. Women screened in both models reported reduced transport costs for screening. Those clinic-based valued the convenience of accessing both CCS and FP services in a single visit while those screened in the community appreciated accessing services within their communities. Many found HPV self-sampling easy to use and ensured privacy, especially in the community model where samples were mainly collected within their homes, rather than public toilets or clinic consultation rooms. Women were motivated to undergo CCS due to the perceived risks of cervical cancer, particularly among those living with HIV, the availability of services within the community, and the experience of gynecological symptoms. IDI women expressed satisfaction with being able to make decisions without consulting their spouses, and none reported experiencing social harm following the disclosure of HPV results. The client exit survey data showed that 92.5% of women in both models were very satisfied with the procedure. Our findings highlight that women were satisfied with HPV self-sampling, valuing its convenience, privacy, and cost-effectiveness, which enhanced their willingness to undergo CCS. These findings suggest that integrating CCS self-sampling into FP services could potentially improve CCS uptake in Malawi.