Invasive Salmonellosis in Kilifi, Kenya

• Published in: Clinical infectious diseases Vol. 61; no. suppl 4; pp. S290 - S301
• Main Authors: Muthumbi, Esther, Morpeth, Susan C., Ooko, Michael, Mwanzu, Alfred, Mwarumba, Salim, Mturi, Neema, Etyang, Anthony O., Berkley, James A., Williams, Thomas N., Kariuki, Samuel, Scott, J. Anthony G.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Oxford University Press 01.11.2015
• Subjects: Adult; Bacteremia - epidemiology; Bacteremia - etiology; Bacteremia - microbiology; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease in Africa; Drug resistance; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; HIV Infections - complications; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Invasive; Kenya - epidemiology; Malaria - complications; Malaria - epidemiology; Male; Malnutrition; Middle Aged; Mortality; Risk Factors; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica - drug effects; Salmonella enterica - isolation & purification; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella enteritidis - drug effects; Salmonella enteritidis - isolation & purification; Salmonella Infections - complications; Salmonella Infections - epidemiology; Salmonella Infections - microbiology; Salmonella typhi; Salmonella typhi - drug effects; Salmonella typhi - isolation & purification; Salmonella typhimurium; Salmonella typhimurium - drug effects; Salmonella typhimurium - isolation & purification; Typhoid Fever - epidemiology; Young Adult; Kenya; Kenya, Coast, Kilifi; Africa; Salmonella; Typhi; Kenya; incidence; nontyphoidal
• ISSN: 1058-4838; 1537-6591
• DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ737

Background. Invasive salmonelloses are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa, but the incidence and case fatality of each disease vary markedly by region. We aimed to describe the incidence, clinical characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of invasive salmonelloses among children and adults in Kilifi, Kenya. Methods. We analyzed integrated clinical and laboratory records for patients presenting to the Kilifi County Hospital between 1998 and 2014. We calculated incidence, and summarized clinical features and multidrug resistance. Results. Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) accounted for 10.8% and 5.8% of bacteremia cases in children and adults, respectively, while Salmonella Typhi accounted for 0.5% and 2.1%, respectively. Among 351 NTS isolates serotyped, 160 (45.6%) were Salmonella Enteritidis and 152 (43.3%) were Salmonella Typhimurium. The incidence of NTS in children aged <5 years was 36.6 per 100 000 person-years, being highest in infants aged <7 days (174/100 000 person-years). The overall incidence of NTS in children varied markedly by location and declined significantly during the study period; the pattern of dominance of the NTS serotypes also shifted from Salmonella Enteritidis to Salmonella Typhimurium. Risk factors for invasive NTS disease were human immunodeficiency virus infection, malaria, and malnutrition; the case fatality ratio was 22.1% (71/321) in children aged <5 years and 36.7% (11/30) in adults. Multidrug resistance was present in 23.9% (84/351) of NTS isolates and 46.2% (12/26) of Salmonella Typhi isolates. Conclusions. In Kilifi, the incidence of invasive NTS was high, especially among newborn infants, but typhoid fever was uncommon. NTS remains an important cause of bacteremia in children <5 years of age.