The Relationship Between PD-1(rs2227981) and PD-L1(rs2890658) Polymorphisms and Urothelial Cell Carcinoma

• Published in: Cureus Vol. 15; no. 11; p. e48120
• Main Authors: Hlaing, Sa Tin Myo, Damayanti, Putri, Zin Aung, Khine, Tsukino, Hiromasa, Hinoura, Takuji, Kuroda, Yoshiki
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Palo Alto Springer Science and Business Media LLC 01.11.2023; Springer Nature B.V; Cureus
• Subjects: Age; Cancer; Cell death; Chi-square test; Environmental health; Epidemiology/Public Health; Females; Genes; Genetic testing; Genotype & phenotype; Ligands; Males; Oncology; Polymorphism; Proteins; Regression analysis; Signal transduction; Urological cancer; Urology; United States > US; Japan
• ISSN: 2168-8184; 2168-8184
• DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48120

BackgroundUrothelial cell carcinoma, which is believed to develop from the urothelium (transitional epithelium), is the most common aggressive tumor and accounts for the ten most prevalent cancers in the world. The risk factors for urothelial cell carcinoma are aging, smoking, gender, and genetic alternations. Programmed cell death1 (PD-1) has been widely described as a negative regulator of T-cells by sending inhibitory signals to the T-cell. Through PD-1 binding with PD-L1 (ligand for PD-1), an inhibitory signal is propagated to the T cell. The polymorphisms of PD-1 and PD-L1 lead to an efficient T-cell response and affect an anti-tumor reaction. The polymorphisms of PD-1 and PD-L1 could also affect the carcinogenesis of human cancer, including urothelial cell carcinoma. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the relation between PD-1(rs2227981) and PD-L1(rs2890658) polymorphisms and the carcinogenesis of urothelial cell carcinoma.Materials and methodsThis study was conducted using 211 healthy controls and 256 cases of urothelial cell carcinoma among the Japanese population. The DNA samples were extracted from the peripheral white blood cells of each subject. The genotype was detected by using the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method.ResultsC/T (Adjusted OR 1.55, 95% CI:1.02-2.35) and C/T+T/T (OR 1.46, 95% CI:1.01-2.12) genotypes of PD-1 rs2227981 were significant and risk factors for urothelial cancer. Male with A/A genotype in PD-L1 and CT genotype in PD-1 has a significant higher risk factor compared with other genotypes (Adjusted OR 1.83, 95% CI:1.05-3.21).Conclusions and discussionWe found that C/T(PD-1) and “A/A (PD-L1) and C/T(PD-1)” were predominant in urothelial cell carcinoma cases. This indicates that C/T(PD-1) and “A/A (PD-L1) and C/T(PD-1)” genotypes could increase susceptibility to urothelial cell carcinoma. However, since our findings indicated that the effects of PD-1 and PD-L1 polymorphisms included discrepancies, additional research will be needed to evaluate the relationship between human cancer and PD-1 and PD-L1 polymorphisms. This is the first study that seeks to find the relation between PD-1(rs2227981) and PD-L1(rs2890658) polymorphisms concerning urothelial cell carcinoma among the Japanese population.