The Antifungal Mechanism of Isoxanthohumol from Humulus lupulus Linn

Humulus lupulus Linn. is a traditional medicinal and edible plant with several biological properties. The aims of this work were: (1) to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of H. lupulus ethanolic extract; (2) to study the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of isoxanthohumol, an isoprene...

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Published inInternational journal of molecular sciences Vol. 22; no. 19; p. 10853
Main Authors Yan, Yin-Fang, Wu, Tian-Lin, Du, Sha-Sha, Wu, Zheng-Rong, Hu, Yong-Mei, Zhang, Zhi-Jun, Zhao, Wen-Bin, Yang, Cheng-Jie, Liu, Ying-Qian
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 01.10.2021
MDPI
Subjects
Adenosine triphosphate
Antifungal activity
Biological properties
Botrytis cinerea
Carbohydrate metabolism
Carbohydrates
Dehydrogenases
Enzymes
Flavonoids
Fungi
Fungicides
Humulus lupulus
Humulus lupulus Linn
In vivo methods and tests
Isoprene
isoxanthohumol
Lipid peroxidation
Lipids
Metabolism
Metabolites
Morphology
Natural products
Pesticides
Phytopathogenic fungi
Plant diseases
Respiration
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
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Summary:Humulus lupulus Linn. is a traditional medicinal and edible plant with several biological properties. The aims of this work were: (1) to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of H. lupulus ethanolic extract; (2) to study the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of isoxanthohumol, an isoprene flavonoid from H. lupulus, against Botrytis cinerea; and (3) to explore the antifungal mechanism of isoxanthohumol on B. cinerea. The present data revealed that the ethanolic extract of H. lupulus exhibited moderate antifungal activity against the five tested phytopathogenic fungi in vitro, and isoxanthohumol showed highly significant antifungal activity against B. cinerea, with an EC50 value of 4.32 µg/mL. Meanwhile, it exhibited moderate to excellent protective and curative efficacies in vivo. The results of morphologic observation, RNA-seq, and physiological indicators revealed that the antifungal mechanism of isoxanthohumol is mainly related to metabolism; it affected the carbohydrate metabolic process, destroyed the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and hindered the generation of ATP by inhibiting respiration. Further studies indicated that isoxanthohumol caused membrane lipid peroxidation, thus accelerating the death of B. cinerea. This study demonstrates that isoxanthohumol can be used as a potential botanical fungicide for the management of phytopathogenic fungi.
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These authors contributed equally to this work.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms221910853