Mendelian Randomization as an Approach to Assess Causality Using Observational Data

Mendelian randomization refers to an analytic approach to assess the causality of an observed association between a modifiable exposure or risk factor and a clinically relevant outcome. It presents a valuable tool, especially when randomized controlled trials to examine causality are not feasible an...

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Published in	Journal of the American Society of Nephrology Vol. 27; no. 11; pp. 3253 - 3265
Main Authors	Sekula, Peggy, Del Greco M, Fabiola, Pattaro, Cristian, Köttgen, Anna
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	United States American Society of Nephrology 01.11.2016
Subjects	Cardiovascular Diseases - genetics Causality Humans Mendelian Randomization Analysis Observational Studies as Topic Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - genetics Up Front Matters statistical method mendelian randomization causality
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Abstract	Mendelian randomization refers to an analytic approach to assess the causality of an observed association between a modifiable exposure or risk factor and a clinically relevant outcome. It presents a valuable tool, especially when randomized controlled trials to examine causality are not feasible and observational studies provide biased associations because of confounding or reverse causality. These issues are addressed by using genetic variants as instrumental variables for the tested exposure: the alleles of this exposure–associated genetic variant are randomly allocated and not subject to reverse causation. This, together with the wide availability of published genetic associations to screen for suitable genetic instrumental variables make Mendelian randomization a time- and cost-efficient approach and contribute to its increasing popularity for assessing and screening for potentially causal associations. An observed association between the genetic instrumental variable and the outcome supports the hypothesis that the exposure in question is causally related to the outcome. This review provides an overview of the Mendelian randomization method, addresses assumptions and implications, and includes illustrative examples. We also discuss special issues in nephrology, such as inverse risk factor associations in advanced disease, and outline opportunities to design Mendelian randomization studies around kidney function and disease.
AbstractList	Mendelian randomization refers to an analytic approach to assess the causality of an observed association between a modifiable exposure or risk factor and a clinically relevant outcome. It presents a valuable tool, especially when randomized controlled trials to examine causality are not feasible and observational studies provide biased associations because of confounding or reverse causality. These issues are addressed by using genetic variants as instrumental variables for the tested exposure: the alleles of this exposure–associated genetic variant are randomly allocated and not subject to reverse causation. This, together with the wide availability of published genetic associations to screen for suitable genetic instrumental variables make Mendelian randomization a time- and cost-efficient approach and contribute to its increasing popularity for assessing and screening for potentially causal associations. An observed association between the genetic instrumental variable and the outcome supports the hypothesis that the exposure in question is causally related to the outcome. This review provides an overview of the Mendelian randomization method, addresses assumptions and implications, and includes illustrative examples. We also discuss special issues in nephrology, such as inverse risk factor associations in advanced disease, and outline opportunities to design Mendelian randomization studies around kidney function and disease. Mendelian randomization refers to an analytic approach to assess the causality of an observed association between a modifiable exposure or risk factor and a clinically relevant outcome. It presents a valuable tool, especially when randomized controlled trials to examine causality are not feasible and observational studies provide biased associations because of confounding or reverse causality. These issues are addressed by using genetic variants as instrumental variables for the tested exposure: the alleles of this exposure-associated genetic variant are randomly allocated and not subject to reverse causation. This, together with the wide availability of published genetic associations to screen for suitable genetic instrumental variables make Mendelian randomization a time- and cost-efficient approach and contribute to its increasing popularity for assessing and screening for potentially causal associations. An observed association between the genetic instrumental variable and the outcome supports the hypothesis that the exposure in question is causally related to the outcome. This review provides an overview of the Mendelian randomization method, addresses assumptions and implications, and includes illustrative examples. We also discuss special issues in nephrology, such as inverse risk factor associations in advanced disease, and outline opportunities to design Mendelian randomization studies around kidney function and disease.Mendelian randomization refers to an analytic approach to assess the causality of an observed association between a modifiable exposure or risk factor and a clinically relevant outcome. It presents a valuable tool, especially when randomized controlled trials to examine causality are not feasible and observational studies provide biased associations because of confounding or reverse causality. These issues are addressed by using genetic variants as instrumental variables for the tested exposure: the alleles of this exposure-associated genetic variant are randomly allocated and not subject to reverse causation. This, together with the wide availability of published genetic associations to screen for suitable genetic instrumental variables make Mendelian randomization a time- and cost-efficient approach and contribute to its increasing popularity for assessing and screening for potentially causal associations. An observed association between the genetic instrumental variable and the outcome supports the hypothesis that the exposure in question is causally related to the outcome. This review provides an overview of the Mendelian randomization method, addresses assumptions and implications, and includes illustrative examples. We also discuss special issues in nephrology, such as inverse risk factor associations in advanced disease, and outline opportunities to design Mendelian randomization studies around kidney function and disease.
Author	Del Greco M, Fabiola Sekula, Peggy Köttgen, Anna Pattaro, Cristian
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Peggy surname: Sekula fullname: Sekula, Peggy organization: Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics and – sequence: 2 givenname: Fabiola surname: Del Greco M fullname: Del Greco M, Fabiola organization: Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy – sequence: 3 givenname: Cristian surname: Pattaro fullname: Pattaro, Cristian organization: Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy – sequence: 4 givenname: Anna surname: Köttgen fullname: Köttgen, Anna organization: Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics and, Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27486138$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	Mendelian randomization refers to an analytic approach to assess the causality of an observed association between a modifiable exposure or risk factor and a...
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SubjectTerms	Cardiovascular Diseases - genetics Causality Humans Mendelian Randomization Analysis Observational Studies as Topic Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - genetics Up Front Matters
Title	Mendelian Randomization as an Approach to Assess Causality Using Observational Data
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