Occurrence of hepatitis A and E and norovirus GI and GII in ready-to-eat vegetables in Italy

• Published in: International journal of food microbiology Vol. 249; pp. 61 - 65
• Main Authors: Terio, V., Bottaro, M., Pavoni, E., Losio, M.N., Serraino, A., Giacometti, F., Martella, V., Mottola, A., Di Pinto, A., Tantillo, G.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 16.05.2017; Elsevier BV
• Subjects: Bacteria; Contamination; Food; Food contamination & poisoning; Food Contamination - analysis; Food Microbiology - methods; Food Safety - methods; Foodborne diseases; Foodborne Diseases - virology; Green vegetables; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus - isolation & purification; Hepatitis E virus - isolation & purification; Humans; Hygiene; Italy; Listeria; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeria monocytogenes - isolation & purification; Molecular methods; Norovirus - isolation & purification; Pathogens; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Salads; Salmonella; Salmonella - isolation & purification; Shelf life; Vegetables; Vegetables - virology; Viruses; Molecular methods; Green vegetables; Viruses
• ISSN: 0168-1605; 1879-3460
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.008

Fresh vegetables and their ready-to-eat (RTE) salads have become increasingly recognized as potential vehicles for foodborne diseases. The EU Reg. 1441/2007 establishes microbiological criteria for bacterial pathogens for products placed on the market during their shelf-life (i.e. Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes) for pre-cut fruits and vegetables (RTE) whilst it does not address the problem of contamination by enteric viruses. In this study we investigated the contamination by hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and norovirus (NoV) in 911 ready-to-eat vegetable samples taken from products at retail in Apulia and in Lombardia. The vegetable samples were tested using validated real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assays, ISO standardized virological methods and ISO culturing methods for bacteriological analysis. The total prevalence of HAV and HEV was 1.9% (18/911) and 0.6% (6/911), respectively. None of the samples analysed in this study was positive for NoV, Salmonella spp. or Listeria monocytogenes. The detection of HAV and HEV in RTE salads highlights a risk to consumers and the need to improve production hygiene. Appropriate implementation of hygiene procedures is required at all the steps of the RTE vegetable production chain and this should include monitoring of emerging viral pathogens. •Presence of pathogenic microorganisms in ready-to-eat vegetables was evaluated.•Ready-to-eat vegetables were analysed using validated methods.•Hepatitis A virus and Hepatitis E virus were detected in 2.6% of the 911 samples.•All samples were negative for Norovirus, Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes.