Thermal Fabrication of Magnetic Fe3O4 (Nanoparticle)@Carbon Sheets from Waste Resources for the Adsorption of Dyes: Kinetic, Equilibrium, and UV–Visible Spectroscopy Investigations

• Published in: Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 13; no. 7; p. 1266
• Main Authors: Habila, Mohamed A., Moshab, Mohamed S., El-Toni, Ahmed Mohamed, ALOthman, Zeid A., Badjah Hadj Ahmed, Ahmed Y.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 03.04.2023; MDPI
• Subjects: Activated carbon; Adsorbents; Adsorption; Carbon; Carbonyl compounds; Carbonyls; Color removal; Direct conversion; dye pollution; Dyes; Fabrication; Fourier transforms; Functional groups; Heat treatment; Hydroxyl groups; Investigations; Iron oxides; Magnetic fields; Methylene blue; Multilayers; Nanoparticles; Pollutants; Sheets; Spectroscopy; Spectrum analysis; Surface chemistry; UV–visible spectroscopy; waste recycling; water treatment
• ISSN: 2079-4991; 2079-4991
• DOI: 10.3390/nano13071266

Thermal treatment is applied for the direct conversion of palm stalk waste to Fe3O4 (np)@carbon sheets (Fe3O4 (np)@CSs). The effect of conversion temperature was investigated. The TEM examination of the prepared magnetic Fe3O4 (np)@CSs showed the formation of Fe3O4 (np) in a matrix of carbon sheets as a coated layer with surface functional groups including carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. Removal of dyes such as methyl orange, methylene blue, and neutral red was achieved using fabricated Fe3O4 (np)@CSs which were prepared at 250 °C, 400 °C, and 700 °C in a weak acidic medium. By studying the contact time effect for the adsorption of methylene blue, neutral red, and methyl orange, using the fabricated Fe3O4 (np)@CSs which were prepared at 250 °C and 400 °C, equilibrium occurred between 120 min and 180 min. In addition, the first-order and second-order kinetic models were applied to the adsorption data. The results revealed that the adsorption data fit better with the second-order kinetic model. Furthermore, the Freundlich model was found to be more suitable for describing the process of the separation of the dyes onto Fe3O4 (np)@CSs which were prepared at 250 °C and 400 °C, suggesting heterogenous surfaces and multi-layer adsorption.