Pepsin in saliva as a biomarker for oropharyngeal reflux compared with 24‐hour esophageal impedance/pH monitoring in pediatric patients

• Published in: Neurogastroenterology and motility Vol. 29; no. 2; pp. np - n/a
• Main Authors: Fortunato, J. E., D'Agostino, R. B., Lively, M. O.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.02.2017
• Subjects: Adolescent; Biomarkers - analysis; Biomarkers - metabolism; Child; Child, Preschool; Electric Impedance; Esophageal pH Monitoring - methods; Female; Gastroesophageal Reflux - diagnosis; Gastroesophageal Reflux - metabolism; gastro‐esophageal reflux; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Monitoring, Ambulatory - methods; multichannel intraluminal impedance/pH monitoring; oropharyngeal pepsin; oropharyngeal reflux; Oropharynx - metabolism; pepsin; Pepsin A - analysis; Pepsin A - metabolism; Random Allocation; saliva; Saliva - chemistry; Time Factors; saliva; gastro-esophageal reflux; oropharyngeal reflux; oropharyngeal pepsin; multichannel intraluminal impedance/pH monitoring; pepsin
• ISSN: 1350-1925; 1365-2982
• DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12936

Background Pepsin in saliva is a proposed biomarker for oropharyngeal reflux. Pepsin may be prevalent in saliva from subjects with gastro‐esophageal reflux and may correlate with proximal reflux by intraluminal impedance/pH monitoring (MII/pH). Methods Patients (3 days to 17.6 years, n=90) undergoing 24‐hour MII/pH monitoring and asymptomatic controls (2 months to 13.7 years, n=43) were included. Salivary pepsin was determined using a pepsin enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Eight saliva samples were collected from patients undergoing 24‐hr MII/pH: (i) before catheter placement, (ii) before and 30 minutes after each of three meals, and (iii) upon awakening. One sample was collected from each control. Key Results In MII/pH subjects, 85.6% (77/90) had at least one pepsin‐positive sample compared with 9.3% (4/43) in controls. The range of pepsin observed in individual subjects varied widely over 24 hours. The average pepsin concentration in all samples obtained within 2 hours following the most recent reflux event was 30.7±135 ng/mL, decreasing to 16.5±39.1 ng/mL in samples collected more than 2 hours later. The frequency of pepsin‐positive samples correlated significantly with symptom index (rS=0.332, P=.0014), proximal (rS=0.340, P=.0010), and distal (rS=0.272, P=.0095) MII events. Conclusions & Inferences Concentration of salivary pepsin may not be an accurate measure of severity of reflux because of the wide range observed in individuals over 24 hours. Saliva samples must be obtained soon after a reflux event. Defining a regimen for optimal saliva collection may help to achieve the goal of using salivary pepsin as a biomarker for oropharyngeal reflux. Clinical Trial registry NCT01091805. Pepsin in saliva is a proposed biomarker for oropharyngeal reflux, which may be present in saliva from subjects with GER. The concentration of salivary pepsin decreases rapidly as a function of time after the reflux event. Therefore, saliva samples must be obtained soon after reflux occurs.