Experimental infection of raccoons (Procyon lotor) with West Nile virus

• Published in: The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene Vol. 83; no. 4; pp. 803 - 807
• Main Authors: Root, J. Jeffrey, Bentler, Kevin T, Nemeth, Nicole M, Gidlewski, Thomas, Spraker, Terry R, Franklin, Alan B
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Deerfield, IL American Society of Tropical Medecine and Hygiene 01.10.2010; The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
• Subjects: Animals; Antibodies, Viral - blood; Biological and medical sciences; disease detection; disease transmission; dose response; Feces - virology; hosts; Infectious diseases; Medical sciences; mortality; Procyon lotor; Raccoons; Viral Plaque Assay; viremia; Viremia - veterinary; Virus Shedding; West Nile Fever - blood; West Nile Fever - veterinary; West Nile Fever - virology; West Nile virus; West Nile virus - physiology; Virus; Tropical medicine; Japanese encephalitis group virus; Flaviviridae; Flavivirus; West Nile virus
• ISSN: 1476-1645; 0002-9637; 1476-1645
• DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0173

To characterize the responses of raccoons to West Nile virus (WNV) infection, we subcutaneously exposed them to WNV. Moderately high viremia titers (<or= 10(4.6) plaque forming units [PFU]/mL of serum) were noted in select individuals; however, peak viremia titers were variable and viremia was detectable in some individuals as late as 10 days post-inoculation (DPI). In addition, fecal shedding was prolonged in some animals (e.g., between 6 and 13 DPI in one individual), with up to10(5.0) PFU/fecal swab detected. West Nile virus was not detected in tissues collected on 10 or 16 DPI, and no histologic lesions attributable to WNV infection were observed. Overall, viremia profiles suggest that raccoons are unlikely to be important WNV amplifying hosts. However, this species may occasionally shed significant quantities of virus in feces. Considering their behavioral ecology, including repeated use of same-site latrines, high levels of fecal shedding could potentially lead to interspecies fecal-oral WNV transmission.