Early detection of health and welfare compromises through automated detection of behavioural changes in pigs

• Published in: The veterinary journal (1997) Vol. 217; pp. 43 - 51
• Main Authors: Matthews, Stephen G., Miller, Amy L., Clapp, James, Plötz, Thomas, Kyriazakis, Ilias
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.11.2016; Balliere Tindall
• Subjects: Animal behaviour; Animal Husbandry - instrumentation; Animal Husbandry - methods; Animal Welfare; Animals; Automated detection; Automation - instrumentation; Behavior, Animal; Health and welfare; Health Status; Pigs; Review; Sensors; Sus scrofa; Pigs; Automated detection; Animal behaviour; Sensors; Health and welfare
• ISSN: 1090-0233; 1532-2971
• DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.09.005

•Recent developments in automatically detecting compromised pig health and welfare.•Five categories of behaviour are reviewed.•Behaviours mapped to sensors that are feasible for automated detection.•Progress towards levels of automation through detection, monitoring and fully automatic detection of behavioural change.•Challenges for automated detection of behavioural changes are multifaceted and require trade-offs to develop such systems. Early detection of health and welfare compromises in commercial piggeries is essential for timely intervention to enhance treatment success, reduce impact on welfare, and promote sustainable pig production. Behavioural changes that precede or accompany subclinical and clinical signs may have diagnostic value. Often referred to as sickness behaviour, this encompasses changes in feeding, drinking, and elimination behaviours, social behaviours, and locomotion and posture. Such subtle changes in behaviour are not easy to quantify and require lengthy observation input by staff, which is impractical on a commercial scale. Automated early-warning systems may provide an alternative by objectively measuring behaviour with sensors to automatically monitor and detect behavioural changes. This paper aims to: (1) review the quantifiable changes in behaviours with potential diagnostic value; (2) subsequently identify available sensors for measuring behaviours; and (3) describe the progress towards automating monitoring and detection, which may allow such behavioural changes to be captured, measured, and interpreted and thus lead to automation in commercial, housed piggeries. Multiple sensor modalities are available for automatic measurement and monitoring of behaviour, which require humans to actively identify behavioural changes. This has been demonstrated for the detection of small deviations in diurnal drinking, deviations in feeding behaviour, monitoring coughs and vocalisation, and monitoring thermal comfort, but not social behaviour. However, current progress is in the early stages of developing fully automated detection systems that do not require humans to identify behavioural changes; e.g., through automated alerts sent to mobile phones. Challenges for achieving automation are multifaceted and trade-offs are considered between health, welfare, and costs, between analysis of individuals and groups, and between generic and compromise-specific behaviours.