Gender and Racial Disparities in Initial Hemodialysis Access and Outcomes in Incident End-Stage Renal Disease Patients

• Published in: American journal of nephrology Vol. 48; no. 1; pp. 4 - 14
• Main Authors: Leonard, Anthony C., Meganathan, Karthikeyan, Christianson, Annette L., Thakar, Charuhas V.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel, Switzerland 01.01.2018
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical - statistics & numerical data; Central Venous Catheters - statistics & numerical data; Continental Population Groups - statistics & numerical data; Female; Healthcare Disparities - statistics & numerical data; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic - mortality; Kidney Failure, Chronic - therapy; Male; Middle Aged; Original Report: Patient-Oriented, Translational Research; Renal Dialysis - methods; Renal Dialysis - statistics & numerical data; Retrospective Studies; Sex Factors; United States - epidemiology; Young Adult; United States; Disparities; Vascular access; Gender; Hemodialysis; Mortality; Race
• ISSN: 0250-8095; 1421-9670
• DOI: 10.1159/000490624

Background: Arteriovenous (AV) access confers survival benefits over central venous catheters (CVC) in hemodialysis patients. Although chronic kidney disease disproportionately affects women and racial minorities, disparities in the ­utilization of hemodialysis access across Asians, Native Americans, Hispanics, blacks, and whites among males and females after accounting for pre-dialysis health are not well studied. Methods: We evaluated 885,699 patients with end-stage renal disease who initiated hemodialysis between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2014 using the US Renal Data System. Multivariable logistic regression models ­adjusted for pre-dialysis health were used to test the associations between gender and race on type of vascular access (AV access vs. CVC, and AV fistula vs. AV graft) at hemodialysis initiation as primary outcome, and on 1-year mortality as a secondary outcome. Results: Mean age was 65 ± 14 years. Females were less likely to use AV access for hemodialysis initiation than were males (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.84–0.86). Compared to whites, adjusted odds of AV access for hemodialysis initiation were higher in blacks (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.07–1.70), Asians (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.07–1.14); and lower in Hispanics (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.87–0.90). There was no ­significant difference in mortality between males and females. Compared to whites, 1-year adjusted mortality was lower in Asians (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.53–0.56), blacks (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.66–0.68), Hispanics (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.61–0.63), and Native Americans (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.58–0.66). Conclusion: Females had lower odds of using AV access than do males for hemodialysis initiation. As compared to whites, blacks and Asians were more likely, and Hispanics were less likely to use AV access for first outpatient hemodialysis. Further investigation of biological and process of care factors may help in developing ways to reduce these disparities.