A Statistical Analysis of Summarization Evaluation Metrics Using Resampling Methods

• Published in: Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics Vol. 9; pp. 1132 - 1146
• Main Authors: Deutsch, Daniel, Dror, Rotem, Roth, Dan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: One Rogers Street, Cambridge, MA 02142-1209, USA MIT Press 27.10.2021; MIT Press Journals, The; The MIT Press
• Subjects: Annotations; Automatic summarization; Bootstrapping; Confidence intervals; Correlation; Mathematical analysis; Permutations; Resampling; Simulation; Statistical analysis
• ISSN: 2307-387X; 2307-387X
• DOI: 10.1162/tacl_a_00417

The quality of a summarization evaluation metric is quantified by calculating the correlation between its scores and human annotations across a large number of summaries. Currently, it is unclear how precise these correlation estimates are, nor whether differences between two metrics’ correlations reflect a true difference or if it is due to mere chance. In this work, we address these two problems by proposing methods for calculating confidence intervals and running hypothesis tests for correlations using two resampling methods, bootstrapping and permutation. After evaluating which of the proposed methods is most appropriate for summarization through two simulation experiments, we analyze the results of applying these methods to several different automatic evaluation metrics across three sets of human annotations. We find that the confidence intervals are rather wide, demonstrating high uncertainty in the reliability of automatic metrics. Further, although many metrics fail to show statistical improvements over ROUGE, two recent works, QAEval and BERTScore, do so in some evaluation settings.