Complex Program Induction for Querying Knowledge Bases in the Absence of Gold Programs

• Published in: Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics Vol. 7; pp. 185 - 200
• Main Authors: Saha, Amrita, Ansari, Ghulam Ahmed, Laddha, Abhishek, Sankaranarayanan, Karthik, Chakrabarti, Soumen
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: One Rogers Street, Cambridge, MA 02142-1209, USA MIT Press 01.11.2019; MIT Press Journals, The; The MIT Press
• Subjects: Applications programs; Combinatorial analysis; Complexity; Gold; Graph theory; Knowledge bases (artificial intelligence); Memory; Natural language; Natural language processing; Pragmatics; Queries; Query languages; Reasoning; Translating
• ISSN: 2307-387X; 2307-387X
• DOI: 10.1162/tacl_a_00262

Recent years have seen increasingly complex question-answering on knowledge bases (KBQA) involving logical, quantitative, and comparative reasoning over KB subgraphs. Neural Program Induction (NPI) is a pragmatic approach toward modularizing the reasoning process by translating a complex natural language query into a multi-step executable program. While NPI has been commonly trained with the ‘‘gold’’ program or its sketch, for realistic KBQA applications such gold programs are expensive to obtain. There, practically only natural language queries and the corresponding answers can be provided for training. The resulting combinatorial explosion in program space, along with extremely sparse rewards, makes NPI for KBQA ambitious and challenging. We present Complex Imperative Program Induction from Terminal Rewards (CIPITR), an advanced neural programmer that mitigates reward sparsity with auxiliary rewards, and restricts the program space to semantically correct programs using high-level constraints, KB schema, and inferred answer type. CIPITR solves complex KBQA considerably more accurately than key-value memory networks and neural symbolic machines (NSM). For moderately complex queries requiring 2- to 5-step programs, CIPITR scores at least 3× higher F1 than the competing systems. On one of the hardest class of programs (comparative reasoning) with 5–10 steps, CIPITR outperforms NSM by a factor of 89 and memory networks by 9 times.