Hybridizing the commons. Privatizing and outsourcing collective irrigation management after technological change in Spain

• Published in: World development Vol. 132; p. 104983
• Main Authors: García-Mollá, Marta, Ortega-Reig, Mar, Boelens, Rutgerd, Sanchis-Ibor, Carles
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.08.2020; Pergamon Press Inc
• Subjects: Common-pool resources management; Companies; Company structure; Conflict; Control stability; Control systems; Coproduction; External pressure; Human capital; Hybrids; Intrusion; Irrigation; Irrigation systems; Irrigation water; Modernization; Outsourcing; Penetration; Political institutions; Private enterprise; Private sector; Privatization; Quality; Resource management; Robustness; Technological change; Water consumption; Water control; Water management; Water resources management; Spain; Irrigation; Coproduction; Outsourcing; Privatization; Technological change; Common-pool resources management
• ISSN: 0305-750X; 1873-5991
• DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104983

•Technological change facilitates private company penetration into irrigation commons.•Users’ control draws the conceptual borderline between outsourcing and privatization.•Users’ capacity to guide the collective-private coproduction is crucial.•Human capital and awareness of collective values are decisive to preserve robustness.•Collective and private action can hybridize without undermining systems’ robustness. During the last decades, several regions of the world have experienced an increasingly forceful penetration by commercial service companies into irrigation water management, altering the institutional structures and procedures of common-pool resources management. In many cases, private-sector penetration takes place when water user organizations require a company to implement high-tech water control such as pressurized irrigation systems, as part of ‘modernization policies’. This study focuses on four representative cases of these processes with differing degrees of private-enterprise penetration in the Valencia Region (Spain). The research analyzes the strategies of collective-private confrontation and collaboration that are emerging in irrigator communities, and characterize how they affect the management of these irrigation systems. Results show how private enterprise intrusion has unequally affected the interactions between the different components of these irrigation systems. This has created different hybrids between private and common pool-resources management institutions, as well as different autonomies, dependencies and socio-political subjects. Users’ capacity to guide this coproduction process and maintain local control over their irrigation systems is essential to ensure the stability and preserve the robustness of each irrigation system. The quality of human capital and the recognition of collective water management values makes irrigation entities more robust vis-à-vis external pressures and disturbances, which in some of the cases analyzed have generated major social conflicts.