The Neonatal Connectome During Preterm Brain Development

• Published in: Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. 1991) Vol. 25; no. 9; pp. 3000 - 3013
• Main Authors: van den Heuvel, Martijn P., Kersbergen, Karina J., de Reus, Marcel A., Keunen, Kristin, Kahn, René S., Groenendaal, Floris, de Vries, Linda S., Benders, Manon J.N.L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Oxford University Press 01.09.2015
• Subjects: Adult; Brain - blood supply; Brain - growth & development; Brain - pathology; Connectome; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Infant, Newborn; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Neural Pathways - blood supply; Neural Pathways - growth & development; Neural Pathways - pathology; Oxygen - blood; Premature Birth - pathology; White Matter - blood supply; White Matter - growth & development; White Matter - pathology; Young Adult; neonatal; structural connectivity; connectome; development; functional connectivity
• ISSN: 1047-3211; 1460-2199; 1460-2199
• DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu095

The human connectome is the result of an elaborate developmental trajectory. Acquiring diffusion-weighted imaging and resting-state fMRI, we studied connectome formation during the preterm phase of macroscopic connectome genesis. In total, 27 neonates were scanned at week 30 and/or week 40 gestational age (GA). Examining the architecture of the neonatal anatomical brain network revealed a clear presence of a small-world modular organization before term birth. Analysis of neonatal functional connectivity (FC) showed the early formation of resting-state networks, suggesting that functional networks are present in the preterm brain, albeit being in an immature state. Moreover, structural and FC patterns of the neonatal brain network showed strong overlap with connectome architecture of the adult brain (85 and 81%, respectively). Analysis of brain development between week 30 and week 40 GA revealed clear developmental effects in neonatal connectome architecture, including a significant increase in white matter microstructure (P < 0.01), small-world topology (P < 0.01) and interhemispheric FC (P < 0.01). Computational analysis further showed that developmental changes involved an increase in integration capacity of the connectivity network as a whole. Taken together, we conclude that hallmark organizational structures of the human connectome are present before term birth and subject to early development.