Evaluation of sonographic detectability of different markers within an in vitro simulation model of the axilla

• Published in: Archives of gynecology and obstetrics Vol. 304; no. 3; pp. 839 - 848
• Main Authors: Guergan, Selin, Hoopmann, Uta, Roehm, Carmen, Boeer, Bettina, Fugunt, Regina, Helms, Gisela, Seller, Anna, Marx, Mario, Oberlechner, Ernst, Hartkopf, Andreas, Preibsch, Heike, Brucker, Sara, Wallwiener, Diethelm, Hahn, Markus, Gruber, Ines Verena
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.09.2021; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Biopsy; Breast cancer; Chemotherapy; Dissection; Endocrinology; Feasibility studies; Gynecology; Human Genetics; Images in Obstetrics and Gynecology; Iodine; Localization; Lymphatic system; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Obstetrics/Perinatology/Midwifery; Simulation; Ultrasonic imaging; Ultrasonic transducers; Wire; Breast cancer; Sonographic detectability; Lymph node; Clip-marking; Targeted axillary dissection
• ISSN: 0932-0067; 1432-0711
• DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06085-9

Purpose Clip-marking of axillary lymph nodes with initial biopsy-confirmed metastasis is required for targeted axillary dissection (TAD), which includes sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) and selective localization and removal of the clipped targeted lymph node. There have been several studies which examined the feasibility of TAD in routine clinical use. In this context, the optimal clip visualisation was noted as one of the crucial limiting factors. We, therefore, evaluated the sonographic detectability of 10 different commercially available markers within an in vitro model simulating the anatomical composition of the axilla. Methods In this standardised model consisting of porcine fat with 30 mm thickness, the visibility of a total of ten markers was analysed in all 3 planes (parallel, diagonal, orthograde) with wire guidance and then classified into either “visibility good”, “visibility moderate” or “visibility poor” with regard to the alignment of the transducer. Additionally, “real-life conditions” were simulated, in which the markers were searched without any wires guidance. Results It was observed that, while not all markers are detectable in fatty tissue, markers with spherical shape (non-embedded Inconel or Nitinol) or rectangular-shaped Titanium markers with embedded material have a clear advantage. 3D-shaped markers can always be detected in all three axes, which is of particular importance in the axilla with its pyramid shape and fatty tissue. Conclusion The shape and the embedding of the material play a crucial role for visibility and efficacy of the marker, as reliable marking of suspicious and pathological axillary lymph nodes is essential for TAD.