Evaluation of physicochemical properties and bacterial photoinactivation of phenothiazine photosensitizers
We report herein the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of a new monobrominated derivative of Azure B and its parent compound. These dyes are used as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. Relevant pharmaceutical properties (p K a ,...
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Published in | Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol. 18; no. 6; pp. 1576 - 1586 |
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Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Cham
Springer International Publishing
2019
Royal Society of Chemistry |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Summary: | We report herein the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of a new monobrominated derivative of Azure B and its parent compound. These dyes are used as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. Relevant pharmaceutical properties (p
K
a
, chemical and photochemical stability, and
in vitro
antimicrobial activity) were determined. A UV-visible spectrophotometry method was developed and validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for use in stability indicating studies and determination of the acid dissociation constant of Azure B and its monobrominated derivative. The results showed that both dyes were chemically stable. In addition, bromination of the phenothiazine dye decreased its photochemical stability and p
K
a
value without affecting the ionization rate at physiological pH. The analytical parameters for validation of the method were linearity (
r
2
> 0.9981), limit of detection (LOD) (0.2-0.9 μM), limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.6-2.7 μM), and intra-day precision (0.76-1.40%) expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD). Recoveries ranging from 99.5 to 100.9% were obtained for the two dyes. Thus, this method provides a simple, sensitive, accurate, and precise assay for the determination of all compounds. The effect of photosensitizer concentration and visible irradiation time on lethal photosensitization against
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, and
Escherichia coli
was investigated. Both photosensitizers were active against the evaluated bacteria. However, the new monobrominated derivative was more effective than its predecessor and managed to eradicate these microorganisms by using different doses of the dye and light. In other words, a lower concentration of AzBBr and irradiation time were required to cause bacterial death equal to or greater than its precursor. The photodynamic efficacy of the two photosensitizers presented the following order:
S. aureus
>
E. coli
>
P. aeruginosa.
These studies indicated that the tested dyes satisfy the conditions of potential photosensitizers in terms of physicochemical and antimicrobial properties.
We report herein the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of a new monobrominated derivative of Azure B and its parent compound. |
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Bibliography: | 10.1039/c8pp00584b Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
ISSN: | 1474-905X 1474-9092 |
DOI: | 10.1039/c8pp00584b |