l-carnitine: Nutrition, pathology, and health benefits

• Published in: Saudi journal of biological sciences Vol. 30; no. 2; p. 103555
• Main Author: Alhasaniah, Abdulaziz Hassan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Saudi Arabia Elsevier B.V 01.02.2023; Elsevier
• Subjects: Anti-wasting effect; Health benefits; l-carnitine; Nutrition; Pathology; Review; CHF; ESRD; BBB; HFD; NF-kB; TLE; MTX; MI; AIF; CC; AD; HOI; Nutrition; HCC; OSL; GOT; Anti-wasting effect; VD; Health benefits; PCD; Pathology; SCD; LC; ROS; l-carnitine; COPD; LC, l-carnitine; MTX, Methotrexate; PCD, Primary carnitine deficiency; NF-kB, Nuclear factor-kB; GOT, Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma; MI, myocardial infarction; SCD, Secondary carnitine deficiency; BBB, Blood–brain barrier; AIF, Apoptosis-inducing factor; TLE, Temporal lobe epilepsy; HFD, High-Fat Diet; VD, Vascular dementia; CC, Cancer cachexia; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OSL, Observed safe level; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; ESRD, End-stage renal disease; HOI, Highest observed intake; CHF, Chronic heart failure
• ISSN: 1319-562X; 2213-7106
• DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103555

Carnitine is a medically needful nutrient that contributes in the production of energy and the metabolism of fatty acids. Bioavailability is higher in vegetarians than in people who eat meat. Deficits in carnitine transporters occur as a result of genetic mutations or in combination with other illnesses such like hepatic or renal disease. Carnitine deficit can arise in diseases such endocrine maladies, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, malnutrition, aging, sepsis, and cirrhosis due to abnormalities in carnitine regulation. The exogenously provided molecule is obviously useful in people with primary carnitine deficits, which can be life-threatening, and also some secondary deficiencies, including such organic acidurias: by eradicating hypotonia, muscle weakness, motor skills, and wasting are all improved l-carnitine (LC) have reported to improve myocardial functionality and metabolism in ischemic heart disease patients, as well as athletic performance in individuals with angina pectoris. Furthermore, although some intriguing data indicates that LC could be useful in a variety of conditions, including carnitine deficiency caused by long-term total parenteral supplementation or chronic hemodialysis, hyperlipidemias, and the prevention of anthracyclines and valproate-induced toxicity, such findings must be viewed with caution.