The Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Adults. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)

• Published in: Diabetes care Vol. 44; no. 11; pp. 2589 - 2625
• Main Authors: Holt, Richard I.G., DeVries, J. Hans, Hess-Fischl, Amy, Hirsch, Irl B., Kirkman, M. Sue, Klupa, Tomasz, Ludwig, Barbara, Nørgaard, Kirsten, Pettus, Jeremy, Renard, Eric, Skyler, Jay S., Snoek, Frank J., Weinstock, Ruth S., Peters, Anne L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Diabetes Association 01.11.2021
• Subjects: Adult; Adults; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Complications; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent); Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - therapy; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - therapy; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Glucose monitoring; Health care; Human health and pathology; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Insulin; Islet cells; Ketoacidosis; Life Sciences; Microvasculature; Pancreas; Pancreas transplantation; Pancreatic islet transplantation; Schedules; Transplantation; Schedule of car; Exercise; Nutrition; Glucose monitor; Hypoglycaemia; Type 1 diabetes; Diabetic ketoac; Transplantation; Diagnosis; Insulin; Psychosocial ca; Adjunctive ther
• ISSN: 0149-5992; 1935-5548; 1935-5548; 0149-5992
• DOI: 10.2337/dci21-0043

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) convened a writing group to develop a consensus statement on the management of type 1 diabetes in adults. The writing group has considered the rapid development of new treatments and technologies and addressed the following topics: diagnosis, aims of management, schedule of care, diabetes self-management education and support, glucose monitoring, insulin therapy, hypoglycemia, behavioral considerations, psychosocial care, diabetic ketoacidosis, pancreas and islet transplantation, adjunctive therapies, special populations, inpatient management, and future perspectives. Although we discuss the schedule for follow-up examinations and testing, we have not included the evaluation and treatment of the chronic microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes as these are well-reviewed and discussed elsewhere. The writing group was aware of both national and international guidance on type 1 diabetes and did not seek to replicate this but rather aimed to highlight the major areas that health care professionals should consider when managing adults with type 1 diabetes. Though evidence-based where possible, the recommendations in the report represent the consensus opinion of the authors.