Network analysis of physical and psychiatric symptoms of hospital discharged patients infected with COVID-19

•We carried out network analyses on recovered COVID-19 hospitalized patients and anxiety, depression and PTSD symptoms.•COVID-19 severity was linked to at least one psychiatric symptom: inability to relax and feeling nervous in the anxiety network, anhedonia and lower energy in the depression networ...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inJournal of affective disorders Vol. 294; pp. 707 - 713
Main Authors Liu, Dong, Epskamp, Sacha, Isvoranu, Adela-Maria, Chen, Caixia, Liu, Wenjun, Hong, Xinyi
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.11.2021
Subjects
Anxiety - epidemiology
Anxiety, Depression
COVID-19
Depression
Hospitals
Humans
Patient Discharge
PTSD
Research Paper
SARS-CoV-2
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
Symptom network
COVID-19
PTSD
Symptom network
Anxiety, Depression
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Summary:•We carried out network analyses on recovered COVID-19 hospitalized patients and anxiety, depression and PTSD symptoms.•COVID-19 severity was linked to at least one psychiatric symptom: inability to relax and feeling nervous in the anxiety network, anhedonia and lower energy in the depression network, and difficulty sleeping in the PTSD network.•Family infections were negatively linked to suicidal thought and reckless behavior. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the network structure of COVID-19 symptoms and its related psychiatric symptoms, using a network approach. Specifically, we examined how COVID-19 symptoms relate to psychiatric symptoms and highlighted potential pathways between COVID-19 severity and psychiatric symptoms. With a sample of six hundred seventy-five recovered COVID-19 patients recruited 1 month after hospital discharge, we respectively integrated COVID-19 symptoms with PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms and analyzed the three network structures. In all three networks, COVID-19 severity and ICU admission are not linked directly to COVID-19 symptoms after hospitalization, while COVID-19 severity (but not ICU admission) is linked directly to one or more psychiatric symptoms. Specific pathways between COVID-19 symptoms and psychiatric symptoms were discussed. Finally, we used directed acyclic graph estimation to show potential causal effects between COVID-19 related variables and demographic characteristics.
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Authors contributed equally to this paper.
ISSN:0165-0327
1573-2517
DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.043