Impact of an emergency medicine pharmacist on door to needle alteplase time and patient outcomes in acute ischemic stroke

• Published in: The American journal of emergency medicine Vol. 51; pp. 358 - 362
• Main Authors: Barbour, Julia, Hushen, Patricia, Newman, George C., Vidal, Jennifer
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.01.2022; Elsevier Limited
• Subjects: Acute Disease; Administration, Intravenous; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Benchmarking; Clinical outcomes; Clinical pharmacy; Emergency medical care; Emergency medical services; Emergency medicine; Emergency Service, Hospital - statistics & numerical data; Female; Fibrinolytic agents; Hemorrhage; Humans; Intracranial Hemorrhages; Intravenous administration; Ischemia; Ischemic Stroke - drug therapy; Ischemic Stroke - mortality; Length of Stay - statistics & numerical data; Magnetic resonance imaging; Male; Medical records; Medicine; Middle Aged; Mortality; Neurology; NIHSS; Patients; Pharmacists; Pharmacists - statistics & numerical data; Philadelphia; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity analysis; Stroke; Thrombolysis; Thrombolytic Therapy - methods; Time-to-Treatment - statistics & numerical data; Tissue plasminogen activator; Tissue Plasminogen Activator - administration & dosage; Treatment Outcome; Philadelphia; NIHSS; Stroke; Tissue plasminogen activator; Emergency medicine; Fibrinolytic agents; Clinical pharmacy
• ISSN: 0735-6757; 1532-8171; 1532-8171
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.11.015

Time is a critical metric in the emergency department (ED) for acute ischemic stroke and thrombolytic therapy. National guidelines have emphasized tracking time from stroke onset to treatment and decreasing door to needle (DTN) time [1, 2]. Multidisciplinary teamwork is encouraged but, there is limited evidence demonstrating the value of the pharmacist on the stroke response team. The goal of this study is to compare DTN times in the ED with or without a pharmacist at bedside and examine the impact on subsequent patient outcomes. This was a single-center retrospective cohort study. Investigators identified patients who presented to the ED between August 2016 – May 2020 with signs of ischemic stroke and subsequently received intravenous alteplase. Patients were excluded if they refused alteplase or received alteplase off-campus before being transferred. Pharmacist documentation of clinical interventions was used to identify participation on the stroke response team. The primary outcome was median DTN time. Secondary outcomes included severity of deficits measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), hospital length of stay (LOS), 90-day Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), incidence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and inpatient all-cause mortality. Of the 164 patients included, 31 had an emergency medicine pharmacist at bedside (EMP group) and 133 did not (No EMP group). The median DTN time was significantly shorter at 35 min EMP [interquartile range (IQR) 29–44] vs 42 min No EMP [IQR 34–55]; p = 0.003. The number of cases achieving a DTN time of 30 min or less was significantly higher when a pharmacist was involved (35.5% vs.16.5%; p = 0.018) as well as the number of patients receiving alteplase within 45 min (80.7% vs. 57.1%; p = 0.015). NIHSS scores at discharge were lower in the EMP group (2 [IQR 0–5] vs. 4 [IQR 0–8.25]; p = 0.049). In patients with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed stroke, a difference was not observed in the secondary outcomes. Patients with an emergency medicine pharmacist as part of their stroke response team had significantly lower DTN times. A higher proportion of these cases met benchmark DTN times less than 45 min and 30 min. An emergency medicine pharmacist on a stroke response team has the potential to improve patient care.