OnabotulinumtoxinA Injection for Poststroke Upper-Limb Spasticity: Guidance for Early Injectors From a Delphi Panel Process

• Published in: PM & R Vol. 9; no. 2; pp. 136 - 148
• Main Authors: Simpson, David M., MD, Patel, Atul T., MD, Alfaro, Abraham, PhD, DO, Ayyoub, Ziyad, MD, Charles, David, MD, Dashtipour, Khashayar, MD, PhD, Esquenazi, Alberto, MD, Graham, Glenn D., MD, McGuire, John R., MD, Odderson, Ib, MD, PhD
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.02.2017
• Subjects: Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors - administration & dosage; Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors - therapeutic use; Botulinum Toxins, Type A - administration & dosage; Botulinum Toxins, Type A - therapeutic use; Delphi Technique; Humans; Injections; Muscle Spasticity - drug therapy; Muscle Spasticity - etiology; Muscle Spasticity - physiopathology; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Posture - physiology; Stroke - complications; Treatment Outcome; Upper Extremity - physiopathology
• ISSN: 1934-1482; 1934-1563
• DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.06.016

Abstract Background OnabotulinumtoxinA reduces muscle hypertonia associated with poststroke spasticity (PSS). PSS manifests as several common postures. Objective To define treatment paradigms for PSS upper-limb common postures. Design Modified Delphi method. Setting Expert panel. Participants Ten injectors experienced in the treatment and clinical research of PSS (physiatrists and neurologists) were invited to participate in the Delphi panel. Methods The Delphi panel reviewed an electronic worksheet with PSS upper-limb postures to define onabotulinumtoxinA treatment paradigms (Round 1). During Round 2, panel members discussed in person Round 1 results and voted until consensus (≥66% agreement). Recommendations were geared toward those with new or early injection experience. Main Outcome Measurements Expert consensus on onabotulinumtoxinA treatment parameters for PSS including muscles to inject, dose per muscle and posture, and treatment adjustments for suboptimal response. Results For each posture, consensus was reached on targeted subsets of muscles. Doses ranged for individual muscles (10-100 U) and total doses per posture (50-200 U). An onabotulinumtoxinA dilution 50 U/mL (2:1 dilution ratio) was considered most appropriate; dilution ratios of 1:1 to 4:1 may be appropriate in some circumstances. The majority (89%) of panel members would increase the dose and/or the number of muscles treated for a suboptimal response to onabotulinumtoxinA. The panel identified 3 common aggregate upper-limb postures: (1) adducted shoulder + flexed elbow + pronated forearm + flexed wrist + clenched fist; (2) flexed elbow + pronated forearm + flexed wrist + clenched fist; and (3) flexed wrist + clenched fist. The recommended starting dose per aggregate was 300 U, 300 U, and 200 U, with a total maximum dose of 400 U, 400 U, and 300 U, respectively. Localization guidance techniques were considered essential for all postures. Conclusions Consensus on common muscles and onabotulinumtoxinA treatment paradigms for postures associated with upper-limb PSS was achieved via a modified Delphi method. The purpose of this analysis is to educate early onabotulinumtoxinA injectors rather than provide an evidence-based review.