Degradation Monitoring of HDPE Material in CO2-Saturated NaCl Environment through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Technique

• Published in: Materials Vol. 14; no. 11; p. 2823
• Main Authors: Khalid, Hafiz Usman, Ismail, Mokhtar Che, Nosbi, Norlin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 25.05.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Aging; Carbon dioxide; Chain mobility; Chain scission; Chains; Chemistry; CO2 exposure; Corrosion; Degradation; degradation monitoring; dielectric; Dielectric loss; Dielectric properties; Differential scanning calorimetry; EIS; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; Electrolytes; Emission analysis; Field emission microscopy; Flow velocity; Fourier transforms; Gases; Glass transition temperature; HDPE; Heat; High density polyethylenes; High temperature; Hydrocarbons; Hydroxyl groups; Infrared analysis; Infrared spectroscopy; Melting points; Molecular weight; Monitoring; Morphology; Phase transitions; Polymers; Seawater; Surface cracks; Thermogravimetric analysis; Malaysia
• ISSN: 1996-1944; 1996-1944
• DOI: 10.3390/ma14112823

Extensive damage due to saturated seawater and CO2 exposure under high temperature and pressure in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been studied by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The degradation of square-shaped HDPE samples having 1 mm thickness was investigated at 70 bars with 60, 75, and 90 °C separately for three weeks in an autoclave chamber. A clear indication of aging was observed in terms of chain scission by the formation of the methyl group (1262 cm−1), and the appearance of degradation products, including the alcohol and hydroxyl groups. The decline in glass transition temperature (Tg), melting point (Tm), and crystallinity (Xc) result from branching and formation of degradation products in the aged samples. TGA results reveal that the degradation shifts the characteristic temperatures (T5% and T10%) to lower values compared to virgin HDPE. FESEM images show clear surface cracks and rough patches after 3 weeks. The Xc value increased due to chain mobility at higher temperatures (90 °C). The impedance is relatively high 1011 ohms.cm−2 for a virgin sample, but it drops down to 109 and 106 after degradation. Impedance and dielectric loss were correlated, and the significance of dielectric loss was observed at lower frequencies. These characterizations will contribute to more efficient and detailed evaluation criteria for degradation monitoring.