Seizure models: Anticonvulsant effects of ect and rTMS

• Published in: Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol. 24; no. 8; pp. 1251 - 1273
• Main Authors: Post, Robert M., Speer, Andrew M., Weiss, Susan R.B., Li, He
• Format: Book Review Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier Inc 01.11.2000; Elsevier
• Subjects: Amygdala - physiology; Animals; anticonvulsant; Biological and medical sciences; Cerebrovascular Circulation - physiology; Clinical Trials as Topic; depression; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Electromagnetic Fields; Humans; kindling; Kindling, Neurologic - physiology; Medical sciences; Neuronal Plasticity - physiology; neuropeptides; neurotrophic factors; positron emission tomography; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; seizure; Seizures - therapy; thyrotropin releasing hormone; Treatments; thyrotropin-releasing hormone; lumbar puncture; seizure; anticonvulsant; long-term depression; shortterm potentiation; cholecystokinin; neuropeptides; electroconvulsive therapy; high frequency stimulation; posttraumatic stress disorder; low frequency stimulation; low level direct current; neurotrophic factors; thyrotropin releasing hormone; electroconvulsiveseizures; immediate early gene; long-termpotentiation; depression; positron emission tomography; kindling; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; Potentiation; Amygdala; Psychotropic; Peptide hormone; Central nervous system; Anticonvulsant; Review; Neuropeptide; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Synaptic transmission; Synaptic plasticity; Genetics; Antidepressant agent; Synaptic depression; Hormone releasing factor; Neurological disorder; Mood disorder; Human; Electroconvulsive therapy; Kindling; Depression; Endogenous substance; Gene expression; In vitro; Long term; Biological activity; Hypothalamic hormone; In vivo; Mood; Treatment; Convulsion; Animal; Magnetic stimulus; Repetitive stimulus; Brain (vertebrata)
• ISSN: 0278-5846; 1878-4216
• DOI: 10.1016/S0278-5846(00)00138-X

1. 1. A variety of enzymes, peptides, neurotrophic factors and their receptors show complex cascades of alterations with amygdala-kindled seizure progression; some represent compensatory adaptations that could become new targets of therapeutics. 2. 2. Non-convulsant brain stimulation with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may be able to engage some of the neuro-adaptive effects of ECT without the necessity of inducing a seizure. 3. 3. Data from preclinical and clinical studies raise the possibility that non-convulsant stimulation achieved by high or low frequency rTMS may be able to alter neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neurotrophic factors, leading to frequency- and region-dependent changes in neural excitability. 4. 4. Individual depressed patients show differential responses to two weeks high vs. low frequency rTMS, as revealed by the inverse correlation of degree of improvement in depression achieved by these two frequencies. 5. 5. Preliminary data from rTMS and positron emission tomography (PET) studies reveal moderately sustained differential effects of rTMS frequency on regional cerebral neural activity in depressed patients. 6. 6. These data suggest the possibility that an individual's level of baseline rCBF or rCMRglu on PET would help predict which rTMS frequency might be the most appropriate treatment for their depression.