Sex and Gender: Critical Variables in Pre-Clinical and Clinical Medical Research

In this Essay, we discuss the critical need to incorporate sex and gender in pre-clinical and clinical research to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which metabolic processes differ by sex and gender. This knowledge will allow for development of personalized medicine which will optimize...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inCell metabolism Vol. 24; no. 2; pp. 203 - 209
Main Authors Morselli, Eugenia, Frank, Aaron P., Santos, Roberta S., Fátima, Luciana A., Palmer, Biff F., Clegg, Deborah J.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Elsevier Inc 09.08.2016
Subjects
Biological Evolution
cardiovascular diseases
chromosome
Disease
estrogens
Female
gender
Hormones
Humans
Male
obesity
Risk Factors
sex
Sex Characteristics
Sex Factors
testosterone
type 2 diabetes
type 2 diabetes
testosterone
gender
chromosome
sex
estrogens
cardiovascular diseases
obesity
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Summary:In this Essay, we discuss the critical need to incorporate sex and gender in pre-clinical and clinical research to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which metabolic processes differ by sex and gender. This knowledge will allow for development of personalized medicine which will optimize therapies specific for individuals. Sex and gender differences and how they influence normal physiology and disease risk have been neglected in biomedical research. In this Essay, Clegg et al. (2016) discuss the influence of sex hormones and chromosomes on cell physiology and pathophysiology of disease states, a key step for the development of personalized medicine.
Bibliography:ObjectType-Article-2
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-3
content type line 23
ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:1550-4131
1932-7420
DOI:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.017