Severity of the Omicron SARS‐CoV‐2 variant compared with the previous lineages: A systematic review

• Published in: Journal of cellular and molecular medicine Vol. 27; no. 11; pp. 1443 - 1464
• Main Authors: Arabi, Maryam, Al‐Najjar, Yousef, Mhaimeed, Nada, Salameh, Mohammad A., Paul, Pradipta, AlAnni, Jamal, Abdelati, Ali A., Laswi, Ibrahim, Khanjar, Bushra, Al‐Ali, Dana, Elshafeey, Abdallah, Mhaimeed, Omar, Burney, Zain, D'Souza, Ashton, Sinha, Pratyaksha, Bhatti, Mohammad, Pillai, Krishnadev V., Homssi, Moayad, Bshesh, Khalifa, Yagan, Lina, Zakaria, Dalia
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.06.2023; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Alpha; Asymptomatic; Beta; COVID-19 vaccines; COVID‐19; death; Delta; Hematology; Hospitalization; ICU; Immune response (humoral); Infections; Mutation; Neonates; Omicron; Patient admissions; Review; SARS‐CoV‐2; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; severity; Systematic review; Ventilators; South Africa; COVID-19; severity; SARS-CoV-2; death; hospitalization; Delta; Alpha; ICU; Omicron; Beta
• ISSN: 1582-1838; 1582-4934
• DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17747

The Omicron variant was first detected in October 2021, which evolved from the original SARS‐CoV‐2 strain and was found to possess many mutations. Immune evasion was one of the notable consequences of these mutations. Despite Omicron exhibiting increased transmissibility, the rates of hospitalizations and deaths among patients infected with this variant were substantially lower when compared to other strains. However, concluding that the Omicron variant is less severe than other variants of SARS‐CoV‐2 requires consideration of multiple factors, including the vaccination status of infected patients as well as any previous infections with other variants. This review compiled data about any reported indicators of severity in Omicron‐infected patients, including studies comparing Omicron with other variants while adjusting for confounders. A comprehensive search was conducted using different databases to target any studies about Omicron. In total, 62 studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in this study. Many studies reported a significantly reduced risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, need for oxygenation/ventilation, and death in Omicron‐infected patients compared to patients infected with other variants, such as Delta. Some studies, however, reported comparable severity in Omicron infected patients as to other variants emphasizing a substantial risk for severe illness. Furthermore, the COVID‐19 vaccines were less effective against Omicron relative to previous lineages, except after receiving the booster dose. One study recommended vaccination during pregnancy, which may help prevent future cases of severe SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia in neonates and young infants due to the transfer of humoral response from the mother.